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Showing 4 results for Khodabakhshi
Volume 14, Issue 5 (especial summer- 2014)
Abstract
UV-TiO2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Compost Leachate Abstract The growing rate in solid wastes production leads to considerable generation of leachate. Leachate is defined as the aqueous effluent generated as a consequence of precipitation percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in wastes body and the inherent water content of wastes themselves. Since the leachate contains significant amount of organic and inorganic compounds, it is not allowed to be directly discharge to the environment. Conventional treatment techniques to remove organic matters from leachate include physical, chemical and biological processes. Most of these techniques are non-destructive and do not solve the environmental problems because the wastes are simply transferred from water to another phase creating secondary wastes pollution. Biological method was regarded as the most efficient and cheapest process to eliminate organic materials from leachate. However, biological process cannot usually remove refractory substances. Therefore, the effluent values of the organic content do not meet the standards of the treated wastewater with respect to persistent contaminants. Due to limited biodegradability, the treatment of leachate, apart from biological methods necessitates the application of other methods, which complement and support the main process. Advanced oxidation process has been intensively studied in the past decade to improve the removal of these large refractory organic molecules or to transform them into more easily biodegradable substances. Among them photocatalytic process is one of the appropriate methods for final treatment of these kinds of waste. In this study, application of photocatalytic process via UV light and TiO2 Nano particles immobilized on concrete surface in post-treatment of composting leachate was investigated. This investigation was conducted in laboratory scale and batch mode. A biological pre-treated leachates sample which contains some macromolecular organic substances that were resistant to biological degradation were collected from the effluent of leachate treatment facility, of Gorgan composting plant (Golestan, Iran). UV-C lamps with different power in the range of 8-107 W at a constant distance of 10 cm from the surface of the leachate were used as the source of irradiation. Pervious concrete was constructed using LECA lightweight aggregates with the dimension of 30*10*10 cm. Immobilization of TiO2 on concrete surface was done by using concrete sealer. In order to investigate the effect of each parameter individually, some experiments were carried out. The results showed that the presence of nanoparticles and UV radiation alone did not significantly affect on the COD removal. According to the conducted experiments the maximum COD removal of 62% was achieved after 20 hr radiation with 7.5 mW.Cm-2 intensity in pH value of 5 and in presence of 60 g.m-2 of TiO2 coated on concrete. According to Iranian environmental standards and with regard to organic loading of leachate, removal efficiency of this process was in such a way that it could be directly discharged into the environment. Keyword: Leachate treatment, Photo Catalysis reaction, TiO2, light intensity, Color, COD
Volume 24, Issue 4 (Winter 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Achieving a high GDP requires an answer to the question of the factors that determine GDP. Social progress is one of the important and influential factors on the GDP. The Social Development Index is a scale for measuring social well-being, which is a completely new way of looking at well-being among countries in the world without referring to GDP. On the other hand, considering the fact that economic and social indicators must be improved as preconditions for increased living standards, which would be only possible in the shadow of economic growth, assumes it as a critical component contributing into improvement of social indicators. In this study, the mutual relationship between social progress index and GDP per capita for selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, during the period of 2012-2021 is investigated. The countries studied in this research are: Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Tunisia, Turkey and UAE. Since the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation are developing countries, due to problems such as lack of human skills, inefficiency in production, lack of technological development, as well as the lack of expertise needed to produce and export competitive goods, have not been able to make significant progress in economic growth and development. Therefore, it seems that in these countries, development can be realized with social progress by paying attention to the issue of education and the basic needs of human resources in order to form and develop human capital. Investing more in human power has increased the level of productivity of production factors and technological development, and in this way, it is able to provide the necessary ground for the development of international trade and to achieve higher economic growth.
Methodology
In this research, the statistics related to social progress and GDP per capita in 27 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which are respectively taken from the social progress index and the World Bank in the years 2012 to 2021, have been used. In order to investigate the relationship between social progress and GDP, the simultaneous equation system approach in the form of the three-stage least square method (3SLS) has been applied` using Stata software. In the application of the system of simultaneous equations, it is necessary to have two recognizability conditions, which include the degree and rank condition. For this purpose, before estimating the model, these conditions have been examined first, and then preliminary tests of the model specification, such as the cross-sectional correlation test in the disturbance component, the unit root test of the combined data, the cointegration and endogeneity test have been performed.
Findings
The results of the data estimation over the period showed that in the model of GDP, social progress index, economic freedom and government consumption expenditure have an increasing and significant effect on the GDP per capita of the studied countries. The trade openness variable also has a negative and non-significant effect on GDP per capita. In the model related to the social progress index, the global innovation index, education index and GDP per capita have a positive and significant effect on the social progress index. The urban population variable also has a negative and insignificant effect on the social progress index.
Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the model estimation show that the social progress index variable in the per capita GDP model has the greatest impact on the per capita GDP among other influencing variables. The contribution of social progress into the performance of the economy and development process can be considered through reducing inequality and poverty, increasing market efficiency, economic growth, reducing costs, increasing the efficiency of human resources and capital, creating economic institutions and organizations and improving their performance, and increasing investment and employment, as well as increasing innovation and technology. The results of the estimation of the social progress index model also show the presence of a positive and significant effect of GDP per capita on the social progress index. In other words, with the increase of GDP per capita, many basic human needs such as nutrition and health care, water, health, shelter and personal safety, which is one of the indicators of social progress, are improved. In addition, in the mentioned model, the education index among other influential variables has more weight in influencing the social progress index. In other words, manpower training improves welfare infrastructure as well as opportunities, which are two dimensions of the social progress index. Finally, according to the results obtained from both models, which confirm the existence of a positive and significant relationship between the social progress index and GDP per capita, it can be concluded that there is a complementary relationship between these two variables
Achieving a high GDP requires an answer to the question of the factors that determine GDP. Social progress is one of the important and influential factors on the GDP. The Social Development Index is a scale for measuring social well-being, which is a completely new way of looking at well-being among countries in the world without referring to GDP. On the other hand, considering the fact that economic and social indicators must be improved as preconditions for increased living standards, which would be only possible in the shadow of economic growth, assumes it as a critical component contributing into improvement of social indicators. In this study, the mutual relationship between social progress index and GDP per capita for selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, during the period of 2012-2021 is investigated. The countries studied in this research are: Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Tunisia, Turkey and UAE. Since the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation are developing countries, due to problems such as lack of human skills, inefficiency in production, lack of technological development, as well as the lack of expertise needed to produce and export competitive goods, have not been able to make significant progress in economic growth and development. Therefore, it seems that in these countries, development can be realized with social progress by paying attention to the issue of education and the basic needs of human resources in order to form and develop human capital. Investing more in human power has increased the level of productivity of production factors and technological development, and in this way, it is able to provide the necessary ground for the development of international trade and to achieve higher economic growth.
Methodology
In this research, the statistics related to social progress and GDP per capita in 27 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which are respectively taken from the social progress index and the World Bank in the years 2012 to 2021, have been used. In order to investigate the relationship between social progress and GDP, the simultaneous equation system approach in the form of the three-stage least square method (3SLS) has been applied` using Stata software. In the application of the system of simultaneous equations, it is necessary to have two recognizability conditions, which include the degree and rank condition. For this purpose, before estimating the model, these conditions have been examined first, and then preliminary tests of the model specification, such as the cross-sectional correlation test in the disturbance component, the unit root test of the combined data, the cointegration and endogeneity test have been performed.
Findings
The results of the data estimation over the period showed that in the model of GDP, social progress index, economic freedom and government consumption expenditure have an increasing and significant effect on the GDP per capita of the studied countries. The trade openness variable also has a negative and non-significant effect on GDP per capita. In the model related to the social progress index, the global innovation index, education index and GDP per capita have a positive and significant effect on the social progress index. The urban population variable also has a negative and insignificant effect on the social progress index.
Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the model estimation show that the social progress index variable in the per capita GDP model has the greatest impact on the per capita GDP among other influencing variables. The contribution of social progress into the performance of the economy and development process can be considered through reducing inequality and poverty, increasing market efficiency, economic growth, reducing costs, increasing the efficiency of human resources and capital, creating economic institutions and organizations and improving their performance, and increasing investment and employment, as well as increasing innovation and technology. The results of the estimation of the social progress index model also show the presence of a positive and significant effect of GDP per capita on the social progress index. In other words, with the increase of GDP per capita, many basic human needs such as nutrition and health care, water, health, shelter and personal safety, which is one of the indicators of social progress, are improved. In addition, in the mentioned model, the education index among other influential variables has more weight in influencing the social progress index. In other words, manpower training improves welfare infrastructure as well as opportunities, which are two dimensions of the social progress index. Finally, according to the results obtained from both models, which confirm the existence of a positive and significant relationship between the social progress index and GDP per capita, it can be concluded that there is a complementary relationship between these two variables
Mohammed Mjed Kabry, Azam Ansari, Abdollah Khodabakhshi,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2021)
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
While principal private international actions are pending before a court, there is a possibility for arising related actions. However, if the court doesn’t have jurisdiction over related actions, two important questions may arise; the first one is if the Iranian or Egyptian courts have jurisdiction to decide the principal dispute, can they take the jurisdiction to decide the related actions? Also, if the foreign court has jurisdiction over the principal action, is the Iranian or Egyptian court required to dismiss jurisdiction in favor of the foreign court? The article with the descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach examines the approach of Iranian and Egyptian laws in this area. The article shows that where the Iranian or Egyptian court has jurisdiction over the principal action, it can take jurisdiction to decide the related actions. Nevertheless, if the Iranian court has jurisdiction to decide the related actions, the jurisdiction of the foreign court over the principal action does not prevent the Iranian court to exercise the jurisdiction over related actions. However, on this question, there are contradicted views in Egyptian law.
Mohammed Mjed Kabry, Azam Ansari, Abdollah Khodabakhshi, Reza Maboudi Neishabouri,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (Summer 2022)
Volume 26, Issue 2 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
One way of dealing with parallel litigation for the courts of common law countries is to issue an anti-suit injunction preventing one of the disputing parties from initiating or continuing proceedings in the courts of another country. Civil law countries believe that this remedy interferes with the proceedings in their courts and violates their national sovereignty. This study aims to examine the attitude of the EU, French, and Iranian law towards the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions. The study contends that in the EU, an anti-suit injunction rendered by a third country is enforceable in an EU member state as long as it accepts the enforcement of such an injunction under its national law and its jurisdiction is not based on EU regulations. In French law, anti-suit injunctions are traditionally unenforceable. However, when parties agree to grant jurisdiction to a foreign court, the French courts enforce such injunctions and dismiss the proceedings in favor of the foreign-selected court. On the other hand, when the French courts assert exclusive jurisdiction to decide the dispute, they may react to an anti-suit injunction by issuing an anti-anti-suit injunction. In Iranian law, an anti-suit injunction cannot be enforced under Article 169 of the Enforcement of Civil Judgments Code. As a result, there is no mechanism for the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in Iran. However, due to the advantages of enforcing anti-suit injunctions, the study contends that the lack of a mechanism should not be an obstacle to the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in Iran.
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