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Structures might be subjected to impulse loads such as impact ones in useful lifetime. Production of new materials that are shown less vulnerable to sudden shocks and vibrations, is the items that should be considered. Concrete is a brittle material and when is exposed to dynamic loads, in addition to its injury, it may be damage to the environment due to disintegration .In this study, waste rubber particles were replaced of fine aggregate in concrete mixture in 3 size 0-1, 1-3 and 3-5 mm and in volume ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. First with compressive strength test, optimum sizes of rubber particles obtained, then silica fume and polypropylene fiber added to concrete mixture contained optimum size of rubber particles. In addition compressive strength, dry unit weight, velocity of ultrasonic wave, impact with drop hammer and gas gun device test were done. The results shown that, adding rubber particles to concrete mixture decreases compressive strength but increases ductility of it. Also silica fume because of pozzolanic properties increased adhesive in concrete matrix, so increased strength of concrete and polypropylene fiber increased ductility of concrete.

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Adding Fiber supplement to beverages can be a suitable choice for consumers to compensate for the lack of DF and have a positive impact on their health. Wheat bran, a by-product of wheat milling process is due to DF and its nutritional value is concerned. But it requires processing, because of nutritional and technological problems. There are some methods for wheat bran processing to reduce anti-nutritional compounds and increase its functional properties e.g. Fermentaion & Extrusion food extrusion. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding 0.5, 0.7 and 1% of fiber supplements including fermented and extruded wheat bran compared to the commercial sample of orange fiber on the physicochemical properties of pineapple beverage. The results showed that adding different levels of fiber supplements and storage conditions over time led to a significant increase (P≤0.05) in specific gravity, turbidity, ash, brix and reducing sugar content and total sugar content, as well as brightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and redness (a*). However, there was no significant difference between the acidity of different treatments by adding three types of fiber supplementation (P≥0.05). The organoleptic properties of beverage treatment in this study also showed that, increas the amount of extruded wheat bran, led to promote the color index, flavor, and overall acceptance and its score was in an acceptable range. Due to the nutritional composition of extruded wheat bran and application modifying in comparison with fermented and non-extruded, its use in the formulation of beverages leads to a new functional beverage

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One major weakness of concrete is the brittle fracture behaviour in tension, with low tensile strength and ductility. This brittleness has been recognized as a bottleneck hindering structural performances in terms of safety, durability and sustainability. The lack of structural ductility is due to brittle nature of concrete in tension which may lead to loss of structural integrity. Many infrastructure deterioration problems and failures can be traced back to the cracking and brittle nature of concrete. Many attempts have been made in the recent years to overcome these problems. To effectively solve these severe problems, a new type of composite, called as Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), reducing the brittle behaviour of concrete has been developed in recent decades. ECC with its flexible processing has emerged from laboratory testing to field applications leading to speedy construction, reduced maintenance and a longer life span for the Structures. Micromechanical design allows optimization of ECC for high performance, resulting in extreme tensile strain capacity while minimizing the amount of reinforcing fibers, typically less than 2% by volume. Tensile strain capacity exceeding 5% has been demonstrated on ECC reinforced with polyethylene and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. Unlike ordinary cement-based materials, ECC strain hardens after first cracking, similar to a ductile metal, and demonstrates a strain capacity 350 to 550 times greater than normal concrete. Even at large imposed deformation, crack widths of ECC remain small, less than 80 μm. With intrinsically tight crack width and high tensile ductility, ECC represents a new generation of high performance concrete (HPC) material that offers significant potential to naturally resolving the durability problem of reinforced concrete structures. In the past few decades, substitution of mineral admixtures, such as fly ash (FA) and Ground Blast-Furnace Slag (GBFS), has been of great interest and gradually applied to practical applications of ECC. It has been found that incorporating high amount of FA can reduce the matrix toughness and improve the robustness of ECC in terms of tensile ductility. Additionally, unhydrated FA particles with small particle size and smooth spherical shape serve as filler particles resulting in higher compactness of the fiber/matrix interface transition zone that leads to a higher frictional bonding. This aids in reducing the steady-state crack width beneficial for long-term durability of the structure. In this study, the workability, mechanical properties and durability of ECC different mixtures contains two mineral materials (slag / fly ash) as to replace part of the cement weight and two types aggregate (Silica/ River sand) were evaluated. The results showed that mixtures containing fly ash despite lower mechanical strength to compared with mixtures containing slag, significantly have higher performance in strain- hardening behavior at post- cracking portion. ECC mixtures performance against the durability testing (Rapid chloride penetration, Electrical Specific Resistivity, Drying Shrinkage and Accelerated Reinforcement Corrosion) were appropriate and quantitatively was to form of slag> fly ash. In this study, in order to calculate the direct tensile strength of ECC mixtures, a new model (different geometry) compared to other models (used by prior researchers) proposed and tested. The its results showed that the tensile strength measured by the new model compared to the previous models, was higher 10% to 17%.

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Self-compacting concrete as a type of concrete that has no need to vibration can use for complicated frameworks and in conditions that compaction is hard. So this concrete is an excellent choice for repair and retrofitting of many kinds of concrete structures such as marine structures, bridges and so on. These concrete structures may be under aggressive environmental conditions and harmful agents. One of the most important damages of concrete structures is because of freezing and thawing cycles especially in exposed ones, like bridge’s decks. So, study of effect of different parameters on quality of self-compacting repair layer, its bonding to substrate and its durability under chemical and physical attacks is very important. In this study, effect of paste volume, water to cementitious materials and polypropylene fiber dosages in mix design on rheological, hardened properties and bonding of repair fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) to concrete substrate and its durability for freezing and thawing cycles has been assessed. Bonding between FRSCC as a repair layer and concrete substrate had been evaluate using pull-off test. The tests that failed exactly from the bond surface considered as a successful ones, and all tests that failure had been occurred in repair layer or concrete substrate is eliminated from the results. Freezing and thawing test was conducted according to ASTM C666. Both freezing and thawing processes were made in water. To assessment of bonding of FRSCC as a repair layer to concrete substrate, we made 15 cm cubes of substrate layer with compressive strength more than 50 MPa to ensure that the failure doesn’t occur in this layer while pull-off test. After six months (to have concrete substrate without shrinkage),we saw the cubes divided them to 3 pieces. With analyzing of effects of fiber dosages on rheological properties of the mix designs, we found that an increase in fiber percentage that leads to smaller diameter in slump flow test, higher flow time in T50 test, higher time in V-Funnel test, and lower ratio in L-Box test. Also, while compressive strength had no significant changes, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity experienced a big increase through adding polypropylene fibers. Shrinkage of repair layer had a great decrease after adding polypropylene fibers. The optimum dosage of polypropylene fibers for hardened properties of the mix designs was found 0.1% by volume. We can see that because of the positive effect of fibers on decreasing of shrinkage and increasing of tensile strength of repair layers, bonding between the repair layer and concrete substrate increased greatly especially by adding 0.1% polypropylene fibers (by volume). Also, increase of paste volume and water to cementitious materials (summation of cement and micro silica) had negative effect on bonding of repair layer to substrate. That is because of increase of shrinkage of repair layer. Although, adding polypropylene fibers improved bonding of repair layer and substrate in freezing and thawing cycles, we see smaller results for bonding. We defined debonding index (DI) that presents the rate of debonding during freezing and thawing cycles. Higher DI, higher rate of debonding. As we can see, for mixes that containing polypropylene fibers, DI is bigger in comparison with the ones without them.

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 In order to prevent the consolidation of de facto authorities established in a territory following an unlawful use of force and/to contempt of rights of the involved peoples to self-determination, international law imposes obligations to third States.  Treaties entered into with the de facto authorities established on such territories on matters concerning them must ensure the interests of the people under their jurisdiction. Otherwise, these states must expect that these treaty relations will be criticized and eventually be denounced by international and national courts. Of the same concern is the origin of the distinction that international law establishes between the different acts of the de facto authorities administering these territories . Administrative acts issued to safeguard the civil rights of the people within their jurisdiction will not be null and void unlike those that seek to allow the population to enjoy the benefits of international cooperation. This is difficult distinction to establish and implement.

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The climate is changing and agriculture sector is heavily dependent on climatic changes. Considering the key role of perception and its impact on behavior and given the importance of climate changes in today’s world, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting perception and adaptation behavior of farmers in response to climatic changes in Hamedan, Iran. For this aim, first, the factors affecting the farmers’ perception and adaptation behavior were extracted from literature review. Then, a questionnaire was developed, and to determine its validity, the questionnaire was examined by a panel of experts. Further, to measure the reliability of the research instrument, a pilot test was conducted. The statistical population of the research consisted of 115,160 farmers in Hamedan Province and the sample size based on Krejcie and Morgan table was determined as n= 384 farmers. Then, a stratified random sampling with proportional allocation was used. The findings indicated that among the studied variables, knowledge, perception, and belief with path coefficients of, respectively, 0.53, 0.32, and 0.18 had the maximum impact on the adaptation behavior, while the maximum impact on perception belonged to belief and knowledge with path coefficients of, respectively, 0.56 and 0.35. According to the results, knowledge, which had the highest contribution in explaining behavior, was not seen in the Arbuckle et al. (2015) model. Therefore, to make it easier for the farmers to communicate and facilitate the transfer of information on climate change, establishment of community-based organizations is suggested. In addition, by enhancing the level of farmers awareness about climate-smart agriculture, it is possible to take major steps to improve their adaptation to climate changes.

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Considering the high consumption of concrete, especially in structures, and the increasing need for cement production, it seems necessary to pay attention to the harmful environmental effects of this material. In the construction industry, to solve this problem, alternative adhesives are used in concrete, and geopolymers are one of these alternatives. Making geopolymer concretes based on slag can be one of the ways to produce environmentally friendly materials that reduce the harmful effects of cement production. Also, using lightweight concrete has valuable advantages, such as reducing the structure's dead load, and combining geopolymer with lightweight concrete can be beneficial. In this research, two series of lightweight geopolymer concrete have been used. In the first series, by keeping geopolymer ratios constant (Al/Bi=0.65, SS/SH=1 and sodium hydroxide concentration 2 M), Geopolymer concretes with different percentages (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100) of scoria were made instead of coarse aggregate. Then, the designs with structural conditions (compressive strength above 17 MPa and specific weight below 2000 Kg/m3) were selected by comparing the samples' specific weight and compressive strength. In the second series of making lightweight geopolymer concretes by adding steel fibers (0.5, 1, and 1.5%), polypropylene fibers (0.1%), and hybrid, the mechanical characteristics of the samples were evaluated. By examining the compressive strength test, as expected, the compressive strength of the light geopolymer samples increases with the increase in the percentage of steel fibers. Also, samples containing 0.1% of polypropylene fibers face decreased compressive strength. When combined with steel fibers with percentages (0.5, 1, and 1.5), this decrease in compressive strength will be increased. By checking the compressive strength and specific weight, the samples containing 70, 80, and 90% scoria has structural conditions.  By examining the tensile strength test, it can be concluded that adding steel and polypropylene fibers both increase the tensile strength can be seen. In the flexural strength test, flexural strength increases with an increase in the percentage of steel fibers.  It can also be seen that the effect of steel fibers is more significant than polypropylene fibers in increasing the bending strength. An ultrasonic pulse speed test determines the quality of manufactured concrete. According to the observed results, it can be concluded that with the increase in the percentage of fibers (steel and polypropylene), the speed of the ultrasonic pulse also increases. The samples of 70% scoria-containing steel fibers are of excellent quality; this indicates that this design has a better quality geopolymer paste than other samples. Also, the geopolymer concrete sample containing 90% scoria has the lowest value of ultrasonic pulse speed. This reduction can be attributed to many voids in the scoria aggregate. The modulus of elasticity test results showed that the samples containing steel fibers were far more than the other samples, and the most significant increase was seen in steel fibers with a percentage of 1.5. Finally, by examining the microstructure of fiber geopolymer lightweight concrete using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, it can be seen that the geopolymer sample without fibers contains voids, which are filled to a large extent when steel and polypropylene fibers are added.