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Rabia Skini Associate Professor of Iran Atomical Energy Organization Seyed Elhamoddin Sharifi Ale-Hashem Ph.D. Student of Private Law, Tarbiat Modares University In spite of the companies may have all rights which law recognise for humans, for their unreal nature, they can not exercise their rights and inevitably performance of rights leave to humans which act as it's directors. Now, directors' powers limits not arise from legal theories, but they result from social and economic facts. Therefore, proxy and agency theories which indicate limited powers for directors and inconsistant with commercial exigencies and it's most important principles, namely security and speed, were set aside, the "Identification Theory" which contains all powers for directors in relation with third parties, was arised. Iran and English legal systems also, accepted this director's full powers. The full power is, merely in relation of company with third parties, but in relation of directors with company, they must act in limits of accertained powers and if they act ultra vires, they shall be responsible before the company. Although their act before third parties is effective.

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Background: With increasing infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance in pathogens to existing drugs, researchers are now seeking for new drug candidates to be used as alternatives or complementary therapies. Maca is commonly used in traditional medication as herbal medicine.
Materials & Methods: In this research, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of maca powder and ethanolic extract were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, and Candida albicans ATCC10231 using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and disc diffusion methods.
Results: The obtained results showed that there was no significant difference between the MIC and MBC of maca powder and extract against the reference and clinical strains. Also, no strain showed zone of inhibition at 30, 40, 50, and 60 µl of reference concentration.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, maca powder and extract had a poor inhibitory effect on bacterial and fungal growth.

 

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In the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution and due to doubts cast on the usurious character of interests on debenture bonds, the Iranian legislator was led to replace the latters by the so-called profit-sharing securities (ORAGHE MOSHAREKAT). The enactment, of the law and regulation, (in 1997 and 1998) concerning the issuing of profit-sharing securities has given rise to doctrinal discussions regarding the mechanism and legal nature of these kinds of securities. In fact, the question is whether or not these new sorts of securities are identical in nature to the old debenture bonds. The objective of the present article is to consider, firstly the mechanism and secondly the legal nature of the profit-sharing securities.

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Appearance or sign or circumstances in Iranian and national Law has two roles and effects. First positive (thinking the way) and the other is creative in the past it's positive role has been attended but now extra national Law (Romanistic, German and Anglo-American Law) has paid attention to apparent and give it creative role. Most of these attentions are in stopple rule, apparent theory and apparent agency. In national Law of Iran Although hasn’t commented about apparent but can ascertain this importance from application of apparent then compare this situation with the role of extra national Law (foreign) until apparent in with drawl from extra national Law (foreign) and apparent theory having new specification or does this doctrine possess of innovation. Comparing of national doctrine of apparent with extra national (foreign) apparent theory between them. In other words extra national approach of Iranian Law hasn't so much advantage and innovation.

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        In a documentary credit relationship, the person for the favor of whom the credit is openned, is not necessarily the last supplier. In fact, he hopes to buy goods from  the last supplier and deliver it to the buyer. Transfer of credit is the third alternative rather than the beneficiary of the credit. It gives the first beneficiary right to benefit from differce of transferred credit and original credit prices. It also allows him/her to assign his/her obligations about that credit document delivery. There is disagreement about the legal nature of transfer of credit. The group argued that the benefits of credit can be transferred to a third party conditionally, so the legal nature of transfer is similar to the assignment of benefits. Others believe that as transfer of credit take places, the original legal relation will nullify, and a new relation between the second beneficiary and the transferring bank will be created. So, they believe that the legal nature of transfer of credit is more likely to novation. Various studies’ assessment shows that, despite of some differences between novation and transfer of credit, legal nature of the former is very similar to novation rather than other legal establishments.            
  * Corresponding author’s E-mail: s.mr.hosseiny@gmail.com

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In construction contracts, one of the analytical dimensions focuses on concurrent delays. The determination of each party's responsibility and the mutual effects of this type of delay can be regarded as among the complicated and widely-used concepts of construction contracts; the case in which both the owner's and the contractor's delays independently cause delay in the critical path is different from the case in which the combined effects of both cause delays in the completion, and one cannot ignore the effects of one on the other. For this type of delay, it is not easy to determine the contribution of each factor, and it is necessary to analyze different factors influencing the delays, though some analysts believe this is impossible. In order to have a proper analysis of the effects of such delays, it is necessary to obtain the drawings, maps, data, the plant schedules, delay periods of each independent cause, and a distinct notion of critical delays as contrasted with non-critical delays. The present study tries to analyze the concurrent delays by examining the legal rules and relevant judicial procedures, and some critical and standards for determining their effects and to find out each party's responsibility. In addition, it shows the existing challenges and relevant complexities in the way of determining the liabilities of each party.    

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