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Wastewater planning management is a complex problem involving agricultural, rural and industrial interests. In countries facing rapid population growth, identifying methods that can allow them to take good decisions among several competitive alternatives is of utmost importance. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for a wastewater planning management system using a Multi-criterion Decision-making (MCDM) method based on utility function. It allows one to take into account a multiple conflicting multi criterion context in terms of objective specification, criteria, criterion scales and construction of a payoff matrix that consists of the alternative versus criteria array. These objectives deal with groundwater protection, effluent quality, wastewater reuse, system reliability and resources needed. A number of wastewater treatment techniques are presented as alternative action plans from which the most satisfying alternative is to be chosen. In order to select on appropriate management scheme, we propose to use the UTA (Utility Additive) method. This method is interactive and permits the decision maker (DM) to select the best solution according to his viewpoint . The UTA method proceeds in two steps: the assessment of optimal utility using piecewise linear programming techniques and sensitive analysis using a post - optimal procedure. An application of UTA method in wastewater planning management system is presented for the first time and some extensions of the method are discussed.

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In order to analyze fatigue life of reinforced cylindrical shells, it is necessary to calculate stress and strain fields of the structure. The cost of three dimensional stress analysis of this structure is very high with respect to its geometric complexity. So the stress analysis of the problem is performed by shell-to-solid sub-modeling technique. For this purpose, the reinforced cylindrical shell is modeled using shell elements at first, which in this case all the bolts, rivets and spot welds are considered as bushing elements. Afterwards the candidate critical zones are modeled using 3D solid elements with the help of shell-to-solid sub-modeling technique and all the connections are also modeled using 3D elements. Then the fatigue life of the problem under multi-axial loading is estimated by Brown-Miller criterion. For this purpose a special script in ABAQUS software has been used.

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Given the lapse of nearly three decades of enforcement of interest-free banking law in Iran and emergence broad developments in the banking system, scientific and empirical researches are necessary to adapting performance of interest-free banking to banking regulations and Shari`a rules and principles. The prohibition of usury, not squander of wealth in vanity, no loss-no hurt, prevention of deceive and non-superficial transactions are some of these rules. This paper deals with identifying and introducing superficial transactions in order to evaluating performance of non-usury banking system. This issue is of great importance since the performance of non-usury banking in granting facilities has resulted in superficial contracts between two transacting parts (bank staff and facility demanders) in three latter decades. Thus, introducing quantitative indicators seems necessary to cope banking system activities with Shari`a criteria and principles. The research method relying library sources is descriptive and content analysis, in which indicators for superficial transactions are estimated using survey study. The hypothesis of this paper is that, more than half of bank transactions at branches of Tejarat Bank of Mashhad are superficial. The statistical population consists of all contracts among branches of Tejarat Bank of Mashhad and bank customers during 2009-2010. Using cluster sampling, a sample with 451 customers, who get bank facilities, was selected. Although the principle of non-interest banking operations fully comply with the holy Shari`a, but the results of the estimation of indicators for superficial transactions indicate that more than half of bank transactions at branches of Tejarat Bank of Mashhad are superficial.

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The ground response curve, (GRC), is one of the three important components of convergence- confinement method. In fact, this curve is obtained from elastic-plastic analysis of circular tunnel, which is various depending on the type of rock around an excavation, mechanical, geometrical features of it. Tunnel geometry, in situ stress, support pressure, intact rock features and fractured rock mass features, are among the effective factors on the ground response curve. Elastic-plastic analysis of a circular opening subjected to hydrostatic far-field stress has been one of the most fundamental problems related behavior of tunnels. The results of such analysis can be shown in the ground response curve. In this curve, the ratio of radial convergence of tunnel to inner pressure of tunnel is presented by with distance from tunnel face scale. This analysis can be expressed in this way relation between the convergence of the tunnel wall and radius of plastic zone around the tunnel. In this paper is presented a relatively simple procedure for the ground response curve of the circular tunnels excavated in strain softening behaviors, compatible with a nonlinear Hook-Brown yield criterion. In order to construct true GRC, it is necessary to think about the selection of the behavior parameters of rock mass and its yield criterion and analyses different states. Material with elastic-plastic behavior according to behavior after fracture are divisible to three groups including perfect plastic, perfect brittle and strain-softening. Based on the reviewed the present studies, strain-softening model is closer to behavior reality of rock masses, but the convincing methods for recognition of rocks with strain-softening behavior, has not been presented up to now. The main reason of this deficiency is the complexity of analysis of rock mass with strain-softening behavior. Lack of closed form solution for determining the relation between convergence of tunnel and inner pressure, add sth. to this problem. Most researchers, for investigation of strain-softening behavior of materials, have considered the change of the strength parameters from peak to residual in the strain softening zone as a linear function. Therefore in this article, in order to more precisely investigate the strain softening behavior, these variations are nonlinearly modeled. Therefore, dilation and friction angle parameters and the constants of the yield criterion are variable from the peak to the residual. In order to show the applicability and accuracy of the proposed procedure and investigate the effect of it in plastic region, some illustrative examples are presented here. First, the effect of different definitions for the softening parameter η is discussed by means of elasto-plastic analysis of a circular tunnel using Park, 2007 data . Second, the effect of variation of critical softening parameters on the displacement of a circular tunnel is examined by the proposed method using Carranza-Torres, 2004 data. Then the effect of different definitions for strength parameters from peak to residual, in the softening zone is evaluated by constructing the ground response curves for Park, 2007 data.

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One of the most important parameters in prediction of sheet metal forming process is the influence of yield criteria on prediction of forming limit strains. In this paper, the effects of normal anisotropy coefficient on the Hill’s (1948) quadratic, Hosford’s (1979) higher-order, Hill’s (1979) non-quadratic anisotropic yield criteria, with attention to plane strain location is studied. Also the effects of these yield criteria and normal anisotropy coefficient, strain rate sensitivity factor, strain hardening exponent and yield criterion exponent on the forming limit diagram based on the M-K model have been discussed. The different effects of normal anisotropy coefficient on the limit strains of three above criteria have a good agreement with the effect of normal anisotropy coefficient on the yield different surfaces. The comparison has been made between yield criterion exponent and normal anisotropy coefficient effect on the Hill’s non-quadratic yield criterion. The results show that the proper selection of yield criterion have a significant influence on the forming limit diagram.

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Using of airbags is now increasing as a widely accepted safety measure designed to reduce morbidity associated with vehicle accidents. However, in many accidents the airbag, itself, causes the injury of passenger. One of the common injuries causes by air bag is the skin burning. Burns due to airbag deployment could be chemical or thermal. Chemical burns are not studied in this research. There are two mechanisms for thermal burns due to an airbag deployment; contact with the hot airbag itself, contact with the hot expelled gases from the airbag. Present research focus, is on numerical simulation of these two types of burns. A parametric study is done to investigate effect of airbag material, vent port diameter, number of vent ports and distance between driver and airbag. It was found that the most severe burns are due to PA66 and the less severe burns are due to PET. Increasing the vent port diameter and decreasing number of vent ports result burn in less skin depth. There is no clear relation between distance of driver with airbag and burns. Increasing the distance may cause less or more burn.

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This paper presents an elastic parametric analysis for the purpose of investigating the limit angular speed, displacement and stresses in rotating disks made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) based on Tresca yield criterion. The material properties obey the power law in radial direction. The Poisson’s ratio due to slight variations in engineering materials is assumed constant. For different values of inhomogeneity constant, limit angular speed, displacement and stresses in radial direction are plotted and for the commencement of the plastic flow, different states are investigated. state1: onset of plastic flow at the inner radius, state2: onset of plastic flow at the outer radius, state3: onset of plastic flow as the simultaneously at both radii and state4: onset of plastic flow between the inner and outer radii. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, so far, in the papers which have been dealing with the investigation of onset yield analysis, the density and yield stress has been assumed constant; however, in this paper by assuming varying density and yield stress in rotating disks made of functionally graded materials and comparing results obtained by fixing these parameters, it has been observed that taking the density as a constant value is wrong and varying it has significant effects on the stresses.

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Prediction of critical process parameters which causes bursting and its location in warm tube hydroforming is a key factor in hydroforming parts design. In this paper, ductile fracture criteria have been modified so that effect of variation of temperature and strain rate on fracture is considered in forming of aluminum AA6063 tubes. Calibration of modified ductile fracture criteria has been performed using uniaxial tension tests at different temperatures and strain rates. Also, fracture strain and fracture work have been obtained as functions of Zener-Holloman parameter. Tube hydroforming process of a square part has been simulated at high temperatures in Abaqus software and loading curves with various axial feeds have been used to deform the tube. Then, the formed corner radius before bursting has been predicted using modified fracture criteria. A subroutine has been written for using modified fracture criteria. A warm tube hydroforming setup has been fabricated and prediction of modified ductile fracture criteria is compared with experimental results at various temperatures. Results show that modified criteria determine the location of bursting well. Maximum of thinning occurs in transition zone which the tube loses its contact with die cavity. Also, modified Ayada criterion, rather than other criteria, predicts corner radius with little error at high temperatures. Thus, because of its precise prediction, modified Ayada criterion can be used to predict the bursting of aluminum tubes at elevated temperatures.

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     Since the majority of damages due to infringement of patent are lost profits, it is essential to govern its compensation. The US legal system has admitted the owner lost profits and reasonable royalty as two criteria for determining compensation. According to 4-staged Panduit’s way, in case of existence of demand in the market, absence of substitute in the market, patentee's ability to meet demand and proving profit margin, the 1^st criterion is exploited. According to lost profits, only those profits can be compensated whose causes are available and the obstacle is absent. In case that even one of the Panduit’s requirements is not met or, at the request of the patentee, the amount of compensation is determined in compliance with the reasonable royalty. In Iranian law, separation of remediable and irremediable profits is treated like that of the USA, and only part of the future profits is remediable according to the principle of lost profits. In other words, patent profits fall into 3 categories as existing, pseudo-existing and probable. The 2^nd category whose cause is available and the obstacle is absent, is remediable like the 1^st category, as it can be commonly considered pseudo- existing, whereas the 3^rd category is irreparable due to the absence of causes or presence of obstacle.      

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Nowadays the forming limit curves is very useful in forming of metal sheets and the effect of yield criteria is one of the most important parameters in prediction of the limit strain especially in anisotropic aluminum sheets. In this paper, first the effects of advanced BBC2008, Soare2008, Plunkett2008 and Yld2011 yield criteria on limit strain calculation and then on forming limit stress diagram will be investigated. Plastic instability model is studied based on Marciniak-Kuczynski model and the non-linear equations are solved by using Newton-Rophson method. These functions are used to evaluate the limit forming predictability of AA2090-T3 aluminum sheet based on the Swift hardening law and is compared with the forming limit curves predicted by Hill’s 1948 classic yield criterion. It was observed that the classic yield functions is not appropriate for anisotropic aluminum sheets forming estimation. Numerical results obtained from the forming limit diagram for AA5754 with Plunkett2008 yield function and Swift hardening law, although the experimental results confirm at close range to plane strain case, but CPB06ex2 yield criterion to predict the behavior of anisotropic aluminum sheets. The limit strain prediction for AA3104-H19 by using Yld2011 yield criterion and Voce hardening law show better conformity with experimental results.

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This paper puts forward a novel numerical-experimental method for calculation of constants of advanced anisotropic yield criterion BBC2003. Calculation of the eight constants of this yield criterion, demands experimental determination of eight mechanical properties of the material. These properties include; axial-yield stresses in 0, 45 and 90 degree with respect to the rolling direction, anisotropic parameters in the directions mentioned and plane strain yield stresses for 0 and 90 degree orientations. However, determination of the equi-biaxial yield stresses and anisotropic coefficients is relatively expensive. In the method presented in this paper, using a simple technique, the constants of the yield criterion are calculated based on plane strain yield stresses in 0 and 90 degree to the rolling direction. The system of equations involving the contestants of the yield function, is solved numerically through defining an error function and minimizing it using steepest descent method. In two case studies, the constants of BBC2003 yield criterion for anisotropic sheets of aluminum alloys AA3105 and AA6061-O, were calculated using this method. Subsequently, the accuracy of predicting of axial-yield stress and anisotropic coefficient in different directions as well as the coincidence of yield surface with experimental results for BBC2003 and Hill48 yield criteria have been investigated. The results show that the proposed method has good accuracy and stability in calculating of advanced yield criterion constants and consequently the mechanical properties of anisotropic sheets in different directions.

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In the present paper, to determine the pressure-dependent yield surface of polypropylene/nanoclay nanocomposites, the extended Drucker-Prager yield criterion is used and its parameters are derived by a combined experimental/numerical/optimization approach. In this method, the difference between the experimental and numerical results obtained from three-point bending test is minimized. In order to alleviate the burdensome numerical simulation, a surrogate model based on Kriging method is used to estimate the cost function. The optimum of this function is obtained by maximizing expected improvement method. Afterward, the results are verified by tension and compression tests. The results show that this method can substitute the complicated experimental tests which are normally employed to identify the extended Drucker-Prager parameters. Also, this method can be used to determine the mechanical properties of thermoplastic material such as tensile and compressive yield stresses and elastic modulus using only a three-point bending test. In addition, it is found that the volumetric change of thermoplastic during plastic deformation is significant and the non-associative, compared with the associative, plastic flow assumption is more proper for this material for the extended Drucker-Prager criterion.

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            Where several persons cause damage, any of them will be responsible to compensate the victim. This responsibility may be common and dividable among them from the beginning (partial responsibility) or may be that each of them will have integral or solidary responsibility to the victim, and have to pay the whole damage. An important question that arises in this context is that the damage divided among several responsibles - whether at first, according to theory of partial liability, or after full payment of compensation by one of the responsibles - should be based on what criteria. Three criteria have been suggested in this regard by French lawyers: negligence criteria, equality criteria and degree of influence criteria. By studying Iranian and French law, this article tries to show that the third criterion, that is division of damage on the basis of the degree of influence in causing damage, is consistent with justice and enjoys the elements of civil responsibility particularly relation of causality between harmful act and the resulting damage.                    
 

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Tube hydroforming is a process which is considered to produce integrated and seamless parts in recent years. The numerical prediction of tearing to design the right equipment in this process is important. In this study, the formability of 304 stainless steel tube by free bulge test was experimentally and numerically evaluated to determine the forming limit diagram. The Gurson- Tvergaard- Needleman (GTN) is a micromechanical model to predict ductile fracture of metals. In order to determine the defining parameters of the GTN damage model, the experimental tensile test of the standard sample and the finite element simulation using ABAQUS software was performed. Using this criterion in the ABAQUS software and comparing the force-displacement diagram obtained from the experimental tensile test and the finite element simulation, the parameters of the GTN model was obtained by the inverse method. Then, the geometrical parameters of the die in the free bulge hydroforming process were investigated by the GTN ductile fracture criterion and the forming limit diagram of the 304 stainless steel tube was numerically obtained. The experimental tests were also carried out to verify the results of the finite element simulation. It’s shown an acceptable agreement

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Forming limit diagram (FLD) is one of the useful tools in the assessment of the sheet formability for designing industrial products. Experimental methods have been developed to determine FLDs. Costly and time-consuming experiments have led to several studies on the use of analytical methods and finite element softwares for predicting FLDs. In the present study, the necking and fracture forming limit curves of AA2024 aluminum alloy sheet were experimentally and numerically obtained through the hemispherical stretching test. Different geometries of the initial blank were considered to create different strain paths. The commercial finite element code Abaqus/Explicit was utilized to simulate experimental tests. Using theoretical equations and experimental results, fracture properties of the aluminum sheet in terms of the equivalent plastic strain at fracture, the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle parameter were captured and implemented in the Abaqus software. In order to capture necking forming limit strains, a numerical criterion based on the major strain variation in the necking zone has been considered. The comparison of the results shows that the numerical model can predict the forming and fracture limit strains with the maximum error of about 6%.

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In this research, a general mixed mode I/II fracture criterion is developed for fracture investigation of orthotropic materials. Various experimental tests show that cracks always propagate in an isotropic medium and along fiber direction in orthotropic materials. With a novel material model titled an Equivalent Reinforced Isotropic Model (ERIM), fracture criterion can be extended for investigation of fracture in orthotropic materials. This inspires that fracture in orthotropic materials follows the fracture mechanism in isotropic materials. This new criterion is developed based on extension of MTS which is widely used for isotropic materials. Also in this research the effects of T-stress in fracture of some specimens has been studied. A comparison between available experimental observations and theoretical estimation implies on capability of developed criterion for predicting both crack propagation direction and fracture instance, wherein the achieved fracture limit curves are also compatible with fracture mechanism of orthotic materials. It is also shown that non-singular T-stress term has a significant impact on orthotropic material failure, especially when the second mode is dominant mode. It is shown that unlike isotropic materials, fracture toughness of orthotic materials in mode I (K_IC) cannot be introduced as the maximum load bearing capacity and thus new fracture mechanics property, named here as maximum orthotropic fracture toughness in mode I (├ K_IC ┤|ortho) is defined. Considering ease of access, wood is used as experimental specimen for the purpose of comparing the results.

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In the present study, evaporation heat transfer and frictional pressure drops of refrigerant R-600a (iso-butane) inside a helically dimpled tube and a plain tube of internal diameter 8.3mm were measured and analyzed. All tests were performed at different vapor qualities up to 0.8 and average saturation temperatures ranging between 38 and 42℃. Refrigerant mass fluxes varied in the range of 114-368 kg/m2s. The inner surface of the helically dimpled tube has been designed and reshaped through three-dimensional material surface modifications consists of both shallow and deep protrusions which is placed evenly in helical directions on the tube wall. The experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficients of the dimpled tube are 1.29-2 times larger than a smooth tube with a pressure drop penalty just ranging between 7% and 103% larger than the smooth tube. Moreover, Performance Evaluation Criteria (PEC) dubbed Penalty Factor (PF) and Total Temperature Penalization (TTP) boiling inside a helically dimpled tube and a smooth tube were analyzed which are a convenient way to relate the two penalization components and provides a rational method to compare the exergy losses associated with frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient.

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The big deformation of composite structures under dynamic loads is one of the most disadvantages of these structures that cause to loss of stiffness of them. The using of fiber metal laminated shell that named FML in abbreviation is one of the ways to decrease the adverse effect of dynamic load. In this study the optimum fiber orientation of composite layers of the FML circular cylindrical shells are determined to more decrease the adverse effect of dynamic loads. For this purpose the fiber orientation of composite layers of the FML circular cylindrical shells are changed frequently and each cases being subjected to axial compressive load and with use of ABAQUS program the tension of all composite layers are calculated for all cases. Then with use of MATLAB program the fiber orientation that cause to maximum stiffness based on maximum tension fracture criterion is selected. The free vibration analysis is used for determination the accuracy and performance of design process. The results of free vibration analyses show that determination of the optimum fiber orientation cause to improvement of the FML shell natural frequency. Energy method and high order shear deformation theory is used to define the equation of motion. Full Calculus method is used for optimization in order to apply the exact result.

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Recently, a new approach called Transmissibility based Operational Modal Analysis (TOMA) has been presented in order to identify the dynamic characteristics of structural systems that determines the modal parameters of structures using the concept of transmissibility. In the TOMA approach, unlike OMA methods that use the assumption of white noise input, no limiting assumption is considered for the input excitations, and the modal parameters of structural systems are extracted based on the features of transmissibility matrix. The transmissibility methods, like other frequency domain methods, do not present very satisfactory results in identifying the damping values. Therefore, in the present paper, a new combined method called Fourier Spectral Transmissibility-Wavelet Transform (FST-WT) is proposed which, in addition to determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system, also addresses the exact detection of damping values based on the features of wavelet transform. In this research, the capability of the FST-WT method in identifying and extracting the modal parameters of a 5-DOF system under free vibration is investigated using the responses obtained from the MATLAB Simulink model. For this purpose, the frequencies and mode shapes are respectively extracted from the inverse of the second singular value and the first left singular vector of transmissibility matrix, and the damping values are also determined using the single frequency signals (wavelet coefficients) obtained from wavelet transform based on the minimal Shannon entropy criterion. The comparison of the identification results shows a good agreement with the exact values.

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