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 Over the past decades, research on language teacher engagement in action research (AR) has received a surge of interest. However, little research is available on how teachers’ experience contribute to their development of agency and professional performances through their participation in an AR program. Accordingly, this study explored the role of experience in five novice and five experienced language teachers’ development of agency and practice before, during, and after their engagement in an action research engagement program (AREP). To this end, we collected data via semi-structured interviews, reflective journals, and classroom observations. The findings revealed that novice and experienced teachers’ development of their agency and professional practice undergo similar trajectories. Moreover, the study argues that although experience affects teacher-researchers’ agentive role and performances, novice and experienced teachers go through similar paths as they engage in AR. However, the novice teachers became more oriented towards reflection-in-action during and after their engagement in AREP. Moreover, the novice teachers chose more AR tools and drew more on their AR experience which, in turn, facilitated their professional growth through tool transformation. We conclude the paper with implications for teacher education to better understand the role of AR in teachers’ agency development and professionalism.

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Oil as the most important strategic commodity in Southwest Asian countries has a particular political and economic weight. Prior to the instability in oil prices which began in late 2013, the macroeconomic challenges were managed by the oil states. With the collection of systematic geopolitical rivalries in Southwest Asia, the emergence of alternative oils in the United States of America and turbulence in Geo-economic areas of the Middle East, major challenges in the political economy of oil-producing countries have been created. The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the oil centers of Southwest Asia has experienced unstable oil prices in line with a set of challenges. Given the strategic importance of oil in Iran's political and economic basket, the present study examines the role of the structure-agency in political economy of oil in Iran. The research approach is based on the Structuration theory. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of structure-agency within the framework of the increased participation of government and interrupter factors with the economic-political background, are among the major challenges in Iran’s political economy of oil. Therefore, systematic management and integration of structure-agency can handle the challenges of Iran's income from oil prices.

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Seyyed Hossein Safai Professor, Dept of Law, Tehran University Mohammad Issaei Tafreshi Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Tarbiat Modares University Jalil Ganavati Ph.D. Student, Department of Law, Tarbiat Modares University In English Law, where an act is done purportedly in the name or on behalf of another by a person who had no authority so to do that act, the person in whose name or on whose behalf the act is done may, by ratifying the act, make it as valid and effectual as if it had been originally done by his authority, whether the person doing the act was an agent exceeding his authority, or was a person having no authority to act for him at all-the English jurists name it as agency resulting from ratification. This idea has not been accepted in Iranian and Islamic law. All Islamic jurists other than some Hanafi scholars, and all Iranian jurists other than one or two of them do not believe in "representation resulting from ratification". Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law believed that ratification of a legal act, like an unauthorized sale (Bai-e-fozooli), only validates and ratifies the legal act and does not confer the "representative position" to person who has no authority so to do that act. This article considers and analyses English law and compares between this legal system and Islamic and Iranian legal systems. As a result, the article criticises the theory of "agency resulting from ratification" and accepts and approves the "ratification of legal act" which does not confer the position of representative to an unauthorized person who has no authority to do the act.

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The presence of video games in Iran is an undeniable fact but it has received little academic attention in Persian translation studies and no local research has examined fan translation of video games. This qualitative research, therefore, set out to describe translation of video games into Persian from a non-professional translation lens. The study examined the translation and subtitling of cut-scenes in a fan-video recording of the game Uncharted 4: A Thief's End. These cut-scenes were non-professionally subtitled and uploaded on Aparat.com to share with other Persian-speaking gamers. Initially, the paper presents the key literature on game localization and describes the status quo video games in Iran and non-professional translation. In the next section, the collected data were presented and analyzed at two levels of macro and micro. The interview results of the macro-level revealed the subtitler’s background information, aims and motivations. At the micro-level, the non-professional Persian subtitles of a five-hour video recording were analyzed in terms of translator’s visibility and agency as well as technical and linguistic issues. The findings suggested that the aim of this novice subtitler for volunteering to render the cut-scenes into Persian was to improve his command of English language and to pursue his interest in gaming. In other words, he was seeking cultural in addition to symbolic capital. Other results suggested the visibility and presence of the subtitler in the translation through the frequent use of glosses and explanations. Analysis of the subtitles at textual and technical levels showed that in multiple cases the generally recommended regulations in terms of time and space related constraints were not respected and mistranslation of idioms was frequent. It is hoped that the present article would provide sufficient inspiration for further research on fan translation.    
 

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The present study examined the translator’s agency on the basis of footnotes and notes written by contemporary Iranian literary translators. The purpose, in the first place, was to classify the content of the footnotes and notes, to find the reasons behind footnote writing, and to reveal patterns of annotation; attempts were then made to analyze the translator’s agency – i.e. their everyday work, activities, roles, as well as their own perception of their duties – on the basis of the data gathered in the first phase. The study, thus, proceeded to answer the following questions: 1) How can the content of the footnotes and notes by contemporary Iranian literary translators be classified? 2) What can be learned about the distribution and abundance of footnotes and the reasons behind footnote and note writing? And 3) How can one analyze literary translators’ agency on the basis of the collected data? Based on the findings of other studies (e.g. Paloposki, 2010), the following hypothesis was stated: the main reason behind footnote writing by Iranian literary translators is to explain the unknown aspects of the source culture to the target language reader and this turns the literary translator into an agent of intercultural communication. To answer the research questions, the footnotes and notes in 24 literary books translated and published recently in Iran were gathered and analyzed based on the model presented by Paloposki (2010). Meanwhile the publishers of the books were interviewed to make sure that the footnotes and notes were written by the translators and not by a different agent. The results showed that the content of the footnotes could be classified into two general groups: 1) explanations on the source language, culture, society and literature, 2) explanations concerning the translation of the work. A large number of footnotes and notes were found in the books examined in the study; on average, there were 2.95 notes on each page and 97.41 notes in each book. This large number of footnotes and notes can be explained with regard to the type of literature analyzed; as the books examined here were all examples of serious, canonized literature in their source cultures, the translators seemed to have strongly felt the need to include their footnotes to explain the unknown aspects of those cultures to the reader and to make the reading of the work an easier experience. The distribution and abundance of the footnotes and notes were very uneven; the number of footnotes and notes in books translated from Western languages (i.e. English, Spanish, Italian, French, German) was considerably larger than the notes found in books translated from Arabic. This can be justified on the basis of the cultural differences between the Iranian and Western cultures on the one hand, and the cultural similarities between the Iranian and Arabic cultures on the other; the translators of the Arabic books seemed to have mostly felt no need to write footnotes on cultural or religious events, since they felt that the reader was already familiar with such facts; on the contrary, the translators of the Anglo-American books sensed more cultural, social and religious differences between the source and target cultures, so they seemed to have provided more explanations in the form of footnotes and notes. The most important reasons behind footnote writing were the need to fill the cultural gap between the source and target societies as well as a willingness to help readers better understand the text and a tendency to justify the translators’ decisions and choices. The translators played the role of a bridge between cultures, a facilitator of intercultural communication, a critic, a teacher and a guide in different situations. The study showed that translators see literary translation as an activity which consists in attempts to explain different aspects of the texts in the form of footnotes and notes and consider their explanations as necessary to the understanding of the readers.

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Persian folk culture and literature, largely oral literature, has been mostly forgotten due to the dominance of aristocratic literature, but what is left of it is also because of the same aristocratic literature, especially for the narrative works such as Faraj Ba’ad Az Sheddat. Through these works, we have access to unique experiences of folk culture. Such folk narrative prose texts are appropriate bases for examining the cultural reflections in various contexts, including issues related to women’s status. This study tries to employ a new approach on the ancient prose, and further show that the same narratives have been considered from the formalistic approach so far, but new points of view and perspective could be employed as well. To this aim, the critical discourse analysis approach based on the theory of Fairclough was applied on the sample text at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. This research seeks to demonstrate power of women and its cause. The study, focusing on the women's role, agency, and presence and engagement, shows that despite their minor significance, a woman is a symbol of courage in the aftermath of severity, while in the story, the woman, audacious and brave, rebukes against traditions and breaks taboos. As a result, it was concluded that women have an active and powerful role in this text, and their leading role as an agent in the formation of story is evident. Although there is an unequal power relation between men and women, reading between lines, it could be claimed that unlike aristocratic male-dominant discourse, women have sources of power as well. They react against the particular hegemony to achieve their specific goas. Finally, it was found that the agentive role of the women plays a key part in the formation of narrative and explanation of their sources of power.

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In every era there is a dominant stream of thought that epistemologically all areas of knowledge of a society are more or less in tune with. This dominant stream of thought, represented by terms such as paradigm, epistemic, and so on, as an epistemic pattern, explicitly or implicitly, influences the knowledge organization of a society and the discursive articulation of the texts produced in that space. The placement of subjects in literary texts is the result of a variety of discourse articulation that is shaped by the epistemic patterns that govern each period. To better understand this, we can refer to stories that have been narrated or allegorized over several periods with distinct epistemic worlds; one of these is the story of "fish and ponds", which are independently represented in Kalila and Demna, and Rumi's Masnawi as independent narratives and in the story of the Little Black Fish. In this article, how the paradigms influence the placement of the fictional subjects from the perspective of the hero's who and why are they described in a descriptive- analytic manner. The result is that this anecdote has been represented in the classical world in the form of two inner narratives and as parables in the Kalila and Demna and the Masnawi Rumi. According to the epistemic paradigm of Holism and individualism/escapism in the classical world, the hero/ heroes are both the parables of those who have used their action to serve themselves and to become the victim of or absorbed in being or society. Of course, the holism and individualism/evasion that governs the articulation of the Kalila and Demna allegory in its own Geographical -cultural context, namely the caste of Indian foundations and Iranian political thought, seeks to legitimize and stabilize its class order. Despite the participation in the epistemic paradigm that governs the texts of Kalila and Demna and the Masnawi Rumi, the process is described in another way in the allegory of Mathnawi. In its mystical context, the universalism of the classical world, instead of consolidating social order, seeks to create ontological unity between all manifestations of being, especially between human beings and existence. In contrast to the generalism and anti-individualism/evasion that dominates the classical world and its texts, the macro-epistemic model of the contemporary world and the modern world focuses on the centrality of human subjectivity and individualism. The discourse articulation of the parable of the little black fish is arranged on the basis of this epistemic paradigm, so the placement of the subjects in it is substantially different from the preceding two parables. From the discursive point of view of the protagonist of this allegory, it is a little black fish that expresses its agency to express and establish individuality in the form of a variety of philosophical-epistemological questions to some form of symbolic body confrontation. However, the paradigm of generalism and individualism/aversion to the classical world has led to the heroic allegories of Kalila and Demna and the Masnawi of those who have used their agency to transcend themselves and maintain class order or unity with being. In contrast to contemporary humanism and individualism, it has assumed a hero who goes beyond self-expression and proving individuality, In order to awaken others and defending them in various ways interfering with social and political order; it has sought to create balance or symmetry a social interactive space.
 

 

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By the increasing rate of flexibility in management systems including compensation systems, it is necessary to study theoretically and understand the key variables on designation of flexible compensation systems. Purpose – The purpose of this article is to study the ability of agency theory in explanation of compensation problems inrollving the cultural context and occupation features in Iranian Automotivie Induslry. Design/methodology- In this article, a conceptual model was developed in which we examined the relation of independent variable (agency theory assumptions) and dependent variables (current structure of compensation contracts and agent's tendency to arrange this structure). this relation is interfered with moderate variables (cultural dimensions and kind of occupation). In order to test the hypothesis, two active firms in automotive industry (manufacturing and service companies) were selected for sampling. It is to be mentioned that agency theory assumptions have not been examined in Iranian Automantive ludustry. Results –Test of hypothesis confirmed lots of agency theory assumptions. our findings showed that some of agency theory predictions are attenuated by cultural characteristics and most of time there is a significant relation between agency theory assumptions and occupation conditions. Conclusions - using agency theory assumptions with respect to cultural dimensions and occupation dimensions and occupation conditions in drawing up of compensation contracts will improve Iranian firm’s wage and salary systems in order to reduce agency problems and the related cost.

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Abstract
Despite significant studies in the field of cultural revolutions; comparative study of Iran, China and Russia Cultural Revolutions is less common due to the role of religion. The question of this study was how did each of the cultural revolutions in Russia, China, and Iran relate to the religious teachings of the social context in which they occurred?
According to the study conditions, the authors have briefly addressed the secular and revolutionary-religion approaches in cultural revolutions and attempted to test these approaches by using the comparative-historical method based on the selected events. Historical-comparative study has been done in intra-systemic and inter-systemic form; at the intra-systemic level the process of relationship between the two phenomena has been narrated and at the inter-systemic level the religious characteristics of the Cultural Revolution in the three countries have been compared using the Mill methods.
Findings shows that in all three cases, the role of religion is important, but the Iranian characteristics support the ideal perspective and the characteristics of Russia and China confirm the instrumental perspective on the role of religion in the Cultural Revolution. The results of the article, while confirming the authors' claim, explain the differences and similarities between the three events studied.

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Aims: This paper aims to find a comprehensive conceptual model for health landscape by reviewing some important and decisive theories on the relationship between landscape and health.   

Methodology: The theories in the field of health landscape are analyzed based on a descriptive-analytical method in two categories. The first category examines the existing mechanisms explaining the relationship between landscape and health and why the landscape affects people's health, while the second category tries to measure these effects by examining the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the landscapes.

Findings: The analyses showed that the related theories in this field, which were initially formed based on a purely objective or subjective, gradually and in the course of their evolution, somehow converged with the comprehensive and holistic concept of landscape and focused on both aspects of objectivity and subjectivity in analyzing the health landscape. This has led to an approach in the field of landscape that emphasizes the role of the individual, society and the environment, considering the health of the landscape as a relative matter that will vary from person to person.

Conclusion: The presence of individual agency (adaptive skills and capacities of a person) and socio-environmental dimensions in today's definition of health in other fields indicates the existence of an interdisciplinary agreement on this convergence. This article shows that by relying on perception, these seemingly opposite aspects can be put together and a meaningful and holistic model can be achieved in relation to the health landscape.
 

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The banking sector is becoming increasingly competitive throughout the world. This is particularly true in the area of small-medium business banking. Further, the core and actual products being offered to bank customers could be considered reasonably homogenous. Consequently, there is an increased need for banks to differentiate themselves from their competitors. One way to achieve this goal is to develop longer-term relationships with their key customers. Probably, the most important component of such successful relationships is development of trust. In this applied survey research, 304 key customers of Karafarin Bank completed a questionnaire to identify factors that are most effective in developing their trust. Applying an explorative factor analysis method, the collected data were analyzed and 10 most important such factors were identified. These factors include: useful consultations; employees, as bank surrogates; complementary services; bank image in customers’ minds; readiness to respond to the customers; technologies and processes; customers’ past experiences; good relationships with the customers; service flexibility and complaints handling systems.

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Appearance or sign or circumstances in Iranian and national Law has two roles and effects. First positive (thinking the way) and the other is creative in the past it's positive role has been attended but now extra national Law (Romanistic, German and Anglo-American Law) has paid attention to apparent and give it creative role. Most of these attentions are in stopple rule, apparent theory and apparent agency. In national Law of Iran Although hasn’t commented about apparent but can ascertain this importance from application of apparent then compare this situation with the role of extra national Law (foreign) until apparent in with drawl from extra national Law (foreign) and apparent theory having new specification or does this doctrine possess of innovation. Comparing of national doctrine of apparent with extra national (foreign) apparent theory between them. In other words extra national approach of Iranian Law hasn't so much advantage and innovation.

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In the context of language socialization, second/foreign language (L2) instruction is a crucial context for secondary socialization, especially when it takes place outside the learners’ culture of origin. This study explored how Iranian EFL learners socialize through the rules of EFL classes and how gender, parents, and native language affect their language socialization during the COVID-19 pandemic. We focused on two fundamental principles of language socialization (Lee & Bucholtz, 2015): agency and identity. In this ethnographic study, we collected the data by observing two classes in a WhatsApp group, interviewing the learners four times through Skype, asking them to write down their reflections about their class procedure, and writing our reflections about teachers-students interactions. We used Direct Qualitative Content Analysis method to analyze the data. To simplify data classification and interpretation, we utilized the MAXQDA-2020 software. The findings revealed two sub-categories for learners’ agency (talent and experience) and three sub-categories for learners’ identity (gender, parents, and native language). The results also showed that language socialization is bidirectional, and learners face forms of negotiating, accepting, or rejecting their agency and identity across this socialization process. The learners’ L1 and culture influence their opinion about the English language and culture. Whether this effect is negative or positive depends on proficiency level, gender, and social context. Finally, cyberspace provided a suitable context for language socialization, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings showed several pedagogical implications for EFL teachers and learners.

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Many companies are dependent on purchasing the required professional services (such as managerial, marketing, accounting, legal, and IT services) from specialist contractors. The contract between such contractors and clients forms an agency relationship, so the agency theory may be used to regulate the relationship between them. However, since the abstract knowledge is the subject of exchange between the client and professional service provider and there is a knowledge asymmetry between these two parties, the application of agency theory as it is used for traditional owner-manager agency relationship is not possible for principal-professional agent relations. In this article, we expand the agency theory to be applicable in such agency relationships. We suggest that a combination of behavior-based and outcome-based contracts be employed in principal-professional agent relationships, if possible. Moreover, we discuss why it is very hard or even impossible to have a direct control over professional service contractor and to measure the outcomes of its services. We finally propose two alternative mechanisms (1-trust and self-control, and 2-indirect control) for reducing opportunistic behaviors and solving some agency problems occurring in principal-professional agent relations.

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In derivative claim, shareholders on behalf of the company and on its name bring an action against a director and managing director who have damaged the company by their acts. In principal_agent relationship, it is an obvious necessity to predict suitable mechanisms to dissolve their conflict of interests. Shareholder’s agency against director is sometimes faced with challenges that make it difficult to perform the rights of the company. In Iran’s law, the agent needs not to possess legal information or to litigate by a lawyer; this may cause the company to lose the case. Moreover, if the company or a shareholder files a suit against negligent director or managing director and does not appropriately prosecute it, the other shareholders can not prosecute it as a derivative action. So the negligent director may conspire with other directors or some shareholders so that they start an action against them and by not adequately defending the rights of the company, bring about its conviction; consequently, by virtue of res judicata rule, litigating against the company will frustrate in the future, and derivative claim would be a device of abuse and offender’s avoidance from liability. In English law, in the same situation, the shareholder or other shareholders are permitted to proceed the litigation brought by the company or one of the shareholders as a derivative suit, and therefore, the abuse of derivative action for damaging the company will be diluted.  

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Companies as a powerful economic entity have many stakeholders. The optimal situation of the company is the time that the stakeholders, interests are balanced and the welfare of all of them is achieved, but different factors such as the stakeholders’ risk-taking and self-interest prevent this equilibrium and create a conflict of interests. The conflicts may arise between the stakeholders of one group or between the  stakeholders of different groups, and cause many problems like agency costs, distrust to company entity and inability to absorb the minority wealth.
This study relies on the library research findings and up-to-dated statistical data. The legal and economic analyses are the base of this paper.
The results imply that the Company Law tries to reduce the agency costs by giving supervision regulation and control tools to the stakeholders. Furthermore, it supports some stakeholders by granting right to the minority shareholders in several articles, and finally, includes all of the stakeholders under its support by setting out mandatory regulations; however, some of these provisions have not past efficiency in accordance with the circumstances of this decade.

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Arbitration is an agreement. The arbitration agreement determines who can be as plaintiff or defendant. Development of an arbitration clause to the third parties  is in conflict with  its nature. Foundations widen the scope of the arbitration clause with regard to international arbitration practice, and  the literature can be divided into two types. The first category includes items that, by ignoring the legal entity's parent company, shareholders or its subsidiary companies, can be arbitral tribunal parties, or by ignoring independent legal entity owned and controlled by parent company. In the next category, by finding signs of the issues raised by the consent of a third party, we can be expand the scope of an arbitration clause based on presumed consent.Agents, Estoppels and group of companies’ theory as a basis for extension based on presumed consent have been raised.