Showing 10 results for Binding
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract
A research on reference assignment points to two types of discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked referential status. To explain that whether or not the antecedent information previously existed in the discourse, this paper, by presenting testimonies and samples from the Persian language as well as using the Syntax-Discourse Model tries to determine that the reflexive and personal pronouns of Persian in some cases are discourse-linked. First, the paper introduces discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked referential status. Then, by comparing the Syntax-Discourse Model and Chomsky’s Binding Theory, the paper exemplifies cases to show that the Binding Theory not fruitful, at all, in explaining them and hence, take up the principles of Syntax-Discourse Model to explained and proved them
Volume 7, Issue 24 (4-2010)
Abstract
In this study, binding ability of Saccharomayces cerevisiae to aflatoxin of pistachio was investigated. Results indicate that the yeast has aflatoxin surface binding ability of 40% (with initial concentration of 10 ppb aflatoxin) in exponential phase. Acid and heat treatment increase this ability 60% and 55%, respectively. Binding appears to be a physical phenomenon that reaches to saturation point within first 2-3 hours of process. Also, results showed that yeast immobilization on aflatoxin contaminated pistachio in order to toxin reduction, have no effect on color factor. In this condition, Hunter Lab factors (L*, a*, b*) indicate no significant changes. Yeast cells, viable or nonviable, are effective in aflatoxin binding and this property, especially for foods having high risk of aflatoxin contamination is considered as a good solution.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
Backgrounds: This study aimed to assess the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) infections in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 S. aureus strains isolated from 59 outpatients and 51 inpatients during 2018-2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method. Epsilometer test was used to measure vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Cefoxitin disc (30 μg) was used to screen MRSA isolates. The presence of mecA gene was examined by PCR method. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were detected in S. aureus isolates using multiplex-PCR. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze the results.
Findings: Out of 110 isolates, 45 (40.9%) isolates carried the mecA gene: 20 (39.2%) isolates from inpatients and 25 (42.4%) isolates from outpatients. MRSA isolates showed the highest resistance to azithromycin (69.8%), tetracycline (60.4%), and clindamycin (32.1%), respectively. Vancomycin MIC against MRSA isolates ranged from 0.75 to 5 μg/mL. SCCmec type I, III, IV, and V were detected in 20 (44.4%), three (6.7%), 16 (35.5%), and six (13.3%) isolates, respectively.
Conclusion: The predominant SCCmec types were type I and type IV, which were detected in CA- and HA-MRSA isolates, respectively. No significant difference in the presence of SCCmec type III and antibiotic resistance was found between CA- and HA-MRSA isolates, indicating the possibility of cross-infection between these isolates. Developing appropriate treatment protocols to prevent the spread of MRSA infections in the community is currently an urgent need.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Aims: IP3 is a key regulator molecule in the message transmission pathway, and releases calcium into the cytoplasm by binding intracellular IP3R receptors on the surface of the internal calcium stores. The aim of this study was expression, purification, and characterization of IP3-binding domain from human type 2.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the pET-28a plasmid of the carrier of the IP3BD gene was transferred to the E.coli expression strain BL21 (DE3) by chemical method. In order to optimize the expression in the bacterial system, the expression was studied in different conditions, and various temperatures such as 16, 18, 20, and 24°C, the different times after incubation, type of inducer, and its different concentrations were investigated. The induced bacteria were purified on the basis of thermal shock through nickel column for chromatography and the purity of the protein was measured through SDS-PAGE. The fluorescence emission of IP3-binding domain was measured in the presence and absence of an IP3 ligand at wavelength of 295nm.
Findings: Protein did not have a significant expression in LB, TB, and 2xYT environments, and no changes were observed at different times. Expression of bacterial protein at 20°C based on thermal shock of 42°C was higher than in all cases. The purification of the induced bacteria was difficultly repeated due to thermal shock, and the purified samples did not have high concentrations. The fluorescence emission of the protein decreased in the presence of the IP3 ligand.
Conclusion: The bacterial expression of IP3-binding domain from human type 2 is weak, but the expression of protein increases with the induction of shock of 42°C.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Molecular insights into the analyte-bioreceptor interactions play a vital role in the efficacy of designing biosensors. Biosensors that utilize aptamers as bioreceptors are highly efficient with high specificity and reusability. Aptasensors can be used in a variety of conditions of in vivo or in vitro. The aim of this study was to study the changes in the solvent conditions of the binding of MUC1-G peptide and the anti-MUC1 aptamer.
Materials and Methods: The molecular dynamics simulation method has been used to investigate the change of molecular interactions due to selective variations in solvent conditions. The results can be used to reflect a variety of environments, in which the aptasensor utilizes anti-MUC1 S2.2 aptamer as a bioreceptor and MUC1–G peptide as a biomarker.
Findings: Based on the calculated binding energies, the medium containing 0.10M NaCl and anti-MUC1 S2.2 aptamer demonstrates the highest affinity toward the MUC1-G peptide among the studied concentrations of NaCl, and the arginine amino acid has a key role in the aptamer–peptide binding. Conclusion: The results of MD simulation indicated that the increase in the concentration of NaCl in the interaction environment leads to a decrease in binding energies; therefore, the binding affinity of the anti-MUC1 aptamer to MUC1-G peptide decreases. Insights from present modeling demonstrate the selectiveness and sensitivity to solvent conditions, which should be considered in the development of biosensors.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, bone tissue repair with increasing bone disorders and injuries have special importance. Bone tissue engineering provided specific solutions to these problems. The present study was conducted with the aim of purification of recombinant fusion peptide containing hydroxyapatite affinity tag using the ceramic chromatography column.
Material & methods: In this study, a fusion peptide was designed which at one side comprised the heparin-binding domain sequence, which can be attached to various types of growth factors involved in tissue repair and entrap these factors at the site of the lesion. On the other side, it contained a tag, which included a sequence derived from a laboratory study based on phage expression. The reason for keeping the sequence of this tag is to attach the peptide to the scaffold containing hydroxyapatite and purifying the recombinant peptide by the hydroxyapatite column. Therefore, the gene sequence was optimized and synthesized for expression in the prokaryotic host of E.coli strain BL21. Then the gene sequence was subcloned by double digestion with the SacI and BamHI enzymes into the expression vector of pET-21a(+). The expression of the recombinant peptide was investigated by SDS-PAGE and western blot. In order to optimize the purification conditions, two-step purification was carried out by applying fundamental changes in the main work method of the manufacturer company and was purified with acceptable purity. Finally, the existence of peptide assemblies was investigated by the SLD method.
Finding: The results of PCR cloning, enzymatic digestion using SacI and BamHI enzymes and sequencing indicated the accuracy of the cloning process. On the other hand, expression of the fusion peptide was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot techniques, and its migration onto the gel resulted in a band cleavage of about 12 kDa. Changes made to the manufacturer's workflow allowed the purification process to be optimized and the results of the DLS method showed the purity of the purified peptide.
Conclusion: The results indicate the desirable expression and remarkable purity of the fusion peptide designed in this study.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
The bioluminescence process is a widespread phenomenon in Nature. These enzymes are identified in some domains of life, but the luciferases from the lampyridea genus are considered for biological applications. The molecular cloning of a new type of Iranian firefly luciferase from Lampyroidea maculata was reported, previously. In this study, we analyzed the rare codons of the Iranian insect luciferase gene using the computational databases as ATGme, RACC, LaTcOm, and Sherlocc. Also, the structural modeling process of this enzyme was performed. Next, the status of these rare codons in this structural model was studied using SPDBV and PyMOL software. In the following, the substrate binding site was studied using the AutoDock Vina. By molecular modeling, some rare codons were identified that may have a critical role in the structure and function of this luciferase. AutoDock Vina was used in the molecular docking that recognizes Asp531 that yield closely related to luciferin and AMP binding site.. This bioinformatics analyzes play an important role in the design of new drugs.
Volume 11, Issue 3 (10-2020)
Abstract
In the present study, the structure of three common anticancer drugs including 6-thioguanine (6-TG), hydroxyurea (NH) and busulfan were optimized using quantum computational and obtained minimum energy for them. Also, optimization structure of gold nanoparticle was investigated by density functional theory (DFT). Finally, the binding energy of Au nanoparticle was calculated with the optimized structures of drugs. All different sites of drugs that can be interacted with nanoparticle were considered and the most stable structure was chosen for further study. These calculations were performed using FHI-aims which is a software package based on DFT. The bond length and the best interaction energy were reported in this work. To better investigation of the location of the interaction, the type of orbitals involved in the interaction and their shapes are shown. Gap energy analysis showed that the lowest energy was related to the complex of gold nanoparticle with 6-thioguanine, which confirms the chemical stability of this drug with nanoparticle. Investigations showed that the binding energy of gold nanoparticle with drugs is busulfan > hydroxyurea> 6-thioguanine so busulfan has more affinity to bind with gold nanoparticle.
Au nanoparticle as an anticancer drug deliver was studied with the molecular docking calculations. The human albumin serum (HSA) binding with three anticancer drugs was docked individually with Hex 8 software and their active sites of interaction were shown as well as. Finally, the binding energies and types of interactions such as electrostatic, van der Waals and hydrogen bonds between HSA and Au@ drugs were presented, clearly.
Jalil Ghanavati, Mahdi Abbas Vafaea,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (5-2017)
Abstract
International commercial rules not ratified by governments are divided into two categories. Some of them are designed to be incorporated by the parites of a international contract, such as incoterms, others are conventions and model laws designed to ratified as hard law by government but not yet ratified. In this paper we tackled the question what is the legal status of International Commercial Soft Law. In this regard, we disregarded the discrepancies existing in public international law works. In sum, the legal status of such rules is mainly dependent on principle of freedom of contract and principle of autonomy and how and to what extend commercial customes are recognized by different jurisdictions. Internaiotnal Commercial Soft Law has found a special position in international trade for several reasons, such as involvement of commercial and industrial practitioners in drafting of such rules, development of democracy, liberalization of economy, globalization of trade and so on.
Majid Aziziyani,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (12-2022)
Abstract
According to the arbitration agreement, the arbitrators have the authority to settle the dispute of the parties. The invalidity of the arbitration agreement or the arbitrator's award will have a mutual effect on each other. On the one hand, issuing a decision by the arbitration authority is based on the authorities of the arbitration agreement; On the other hand, in binding arbitrations, the arbitrator, by issuing a decision once, is freed from further proceedings, unless a further agreement is made by the parties. The necessity of writing an essay is that in the case of annulment of the arbitrator's award, there is a difference of opinion and procedure regarding the subsequent jurisdiction of the judicial authority and arbitration in future disputes in the arbitration and judicial system of Iran. In this essay, this issue has been investigated and it has been emphasized that the wording of the note under Article 491of Iran’s Civil Procedure According to the fact that "in cases where the matter is not referred to arbitration through the court and the arbitrator's opinion is invalidated, the litigation will be dealt with in the court by filing a petition" refers to the dominant case of arbitration, i.e. binding arbitration; However, in absolute arbitrations, the arbitrator's award is annulled, according to the purpose and philosophy of the parties' agreement to arbitrate, the arbitration agreement is not destroyed, and there is still the possibility of settlement by the arbitral institution. The research method in this essay, while studying legal sources using library tools and studying the judicial precedent, is a descriptive-analytical method of applied type.
