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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enamel plate on the frequency variation of theta, alpha and beta brain waves, with emphasis on gender factor as a demographic variable, to answer to following question: How is a cultural luxury item like a enamel plate changing in the comparison between males and females, considering bioelectric activity of the cerebral cortex is affected by the color element. This study is an applied research with semi-experimental design.
Electroencephalography was recorded in two regions of F3 and F4 in a commercial video of an enamel plate in four colors, blue, yellow, green and red; and in two groups of males and females. The data was recorded using Biofeedback System 2000 of the Sheffield Corporation during the commercial video demonstration. EEG data were processed using MATLAB software 2018 and statistical comparison was performed using SPSS software version 20 using multivariate analysis of variance analysis. Results showed that the color factor had no significant effect on the power of theta, alpha and beta band frequency. In contrast, the effect of gender was significant and the brain electroencephalography pattern of the participants without color was different in both males and females. The normalized electroencephalographic power of women in all colors was higher than mens’. Therefore, in a cultural luxury product, color cannot have a different effect on the electroencephalogram pattern of the frontal lobe of ​​women and men, but the female cortex is more active than men when processing different colors.

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The aim of this study is to design an industrial goods export ecosystem for SMEs, so that they can play a full role in the country's economic growth. Based on research literature, 15 actors influencing the export performance of industrial firms were identified and their relationship was analyzed by eleven experts from the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, and the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, who were selected by judgmental sampling. Interviews have been analyzed through a causal cognitive mapping method and by Ucinet and Netdraw software. The actors influencing the export performance of the private sector in SMEs were classified into four clusters: Knowledge Hegemony, Culture of Product, Market Diplomacy, and human Structure of the Firm. The first three clusters have a strong and mutually interactive interaction, and the cluster of Human Structure of the Firm is also effective as an infrastructure element on Knowledge Hegemony and Cultures of Product. Enterprises should focus on all four of these clusters to achieve high export performance and design and implement unique strategies for each of them. Failure to pay attention to each of these four clusters will reduce the export performance of companies. Market Diplomacy, and Culture of Product are innovative concepts that companies need to learn in these areas for high export performance.

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Armington elasticity measures the degree of responsiveness of relative demand of an imported good to its domestically produced one, to relative home produced-imported price ratio of that good. In fact, it shows the competitiveness (or its substitutability) of domestically produced goods with respect to the imported ones. These elasticities were estimated for 23 selected goods (because of data deficiencies) at 2, 3 and 4 digits of ISIC classification and found them (for 19 goods) positive and statistically significant.

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In this Paper, the authors aim at understanding either the inmportance of the origin (the original features) of the brand logo or its audience's experience acts to be more effective. The purpose of the present study is the semiotic review of the 14 best-brand logos of automobile luxury goods through analysis of data and questionnaire which the authors can reach the rules governing on the brand logo with a focus on the two terms of the origin of the luxury brand's logo and its audience experience, and based on the indicators defined for each, within the framework of Barthes's visual semiotics and Van Leeuwen's social semiotics. The findings reveal that what is important to attract the attention of the customers of luxury automobiles in Iran is the audience's experience of the logo, which has tangibly got a head of the role of the origins and the identity of the goods. Accordingly, the difference in the perceived meanings of every brand logo by the audience indicates that the meanings received from every logo are not uniform and it is based on culture, so that individuals, based on their individual experience and their socio-cultural insights, understand the different implied meanings from a similar logo; it means the meanings received from every logo are not universal and regardless of audiences culture. This affects the success of the goods and maybe leads to different results in business.
 
 
 
 

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     The harms and damages caused by consumption of damaged or dangerous goods is an undeniable fact and in some cases can be an extremely bitter and sad event. In order to support consumers in such a situation, the creation and use of preventive laws and regulations is the first step towards introducing damages. Passing legislation to compensate for damages incurred by consumers is the next step. Recognizing the responsibility of the sellers of damaged or dangerous goods has a particular importance for the compensation of harms to the consumer of this kind of product. In the area of responsibility of sellers of damaged or dangerous goods and compensation for the consumers of these goods, in addition to the general regulations and special laws protecting consumer rights, we can also use laws and regulations that have not necessarily been adopted with the rights of consumers specifically in mind.     The laws and regulations relating to rules preventing harm to the consumers of damaged or dangerous goods have previously been considered by the authors in another article . In the present article one section of the laws and regulations that contain rules relating to compensation is considered. A methodology based on library research along with a descriptive and analytical approach has also been used in this paper.

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 Iran's economy dependence on oil revenues has caused some impacts in the form of commodity price fluctuations on current revenues. Accordingly, in the past few years especially in the Second Development Plan, the government included encouragements and reduced the country's dependence on oil revenues in its agenda. Agricultural export, especially livestock and poultry export has a proper status due to its relative advantage. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors affecting the supply of export animal products. For this purpose, factors affecting the export of livestock products were identified using Co-integration Analysis. Empirical results showed that livestock products export is significantly affected by livestock added-value, changes in price index of export goods, subjective price index of livestock products and climate changes.

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The sixth section of chapter V of the UN's convention of contracts for international sale of goods which deals with effects of sale under preservation of goods title, contains an article that permits resale of goods. In Iranian law, we cannot find any provision that explicitly contains authority to resell goods such as the Article 88 of UN's convention. Therefore, studying in Iranian law the possibility of resale of goods is scientifically useful. Then, we selected three titles in Iranian positive law and Islamic jurisprudence, namely ''Khiyar e takhir e saman" (Option of delayed payment), "hagh e habs" (Carrier's right to sell the goods) and finally "Taghas" (Retaliation) to make closer the national law to the right of resale of goods in international area and compare with it. According to the author's opinion, the possibility of resale in UN's convention is based on the essays of goods processor to determe his duties and prevent further damages. We can see some aspects of these purposes in our positive law and Islamic jurisprudence.

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            Under Article 50 of the CISG, if the seller delivers a good that does not conform with the contract, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. In this case, the buyer acts unilaterally and is not subject to his/her resort to the court and substantiating the lack of conformation before it, although, in any case, the convention provides remedy for the buyer resorting to an undue option. In some cases, in Imamia Jurisprudence and Iran Law, as where there is the claim for some portion of the object of sale belonging to the other and the buyer may be able based on option in sales unfulfilled in part to get some portion of the price and, in some places due to defect in the object of the sale, may cancel the sale or keep it at the price of getting compensation; they all can be legally considered as instances of price reduction. This paper attempts to compare the instances of price reduction in the 1890 Convention, Imamia Jurisprudence and Iran Law, and while putting the concept of price reduction in the Convention, examines its similarities and differences with the ones in Imamia Jurisprudence and Iran Law. In the end, it is discussed whether this option can be possibly applied as a rule in other transactions or not.      

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This study aims to measure the consumption changes of goods, including bread, rice, milk, edible oil and sugar among the poor and middle-income households before and after paying cash subsidies, in order to support their food security. The statistical population consists of the poor and middle-income households of Iran over the period 2007-2011. We collect data through library documents and databanks of Central Bank of Iran and Statistical Center of Iran. In order to examine the relationship between the dependent variable (necessary goods consumption) and the independent variables (income, price, weighted average of consumption), we employ the multiple regression analysis in Eviews and SPSS environments. In addition, we use t-test to compare the households’ consumption before and after paying cash subsidies. The results indicate that before and after paying cash subsidies, the consumption of the goods under study has declined among the poor and middle-income households

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          One of the frequent matters in Iranian industrial property law is the problem of provisional order. Nevertheless, some of the phrases applied in the regulation confuse judges in taking injunctional measures. For example, when the seizure of violating goods is for the purpose of provisional order, or which court has the local competent when the subject matter of the order is situated out of Tehran jurisdiction? This article seeks to answer the questions arisen from vague points of the matter in Iranian law in order to release judges from the confusion and give suggestions for next reformation of the law.                  
 

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The main purpose of this study is to examine the household’s behavior in response to the kinds of the wealth and the estimation of marginal propensity to consume out of wealth. By using Ando-Modigliani consumption model and applying Engle-Granger co-integration strategy, marginal propensity to consume out of wealth is estimated in Iran during 1982-2008. The various forms of wealth as durable good, housing, bonds, savings, combinative and normal good are considered. Results show that households respond to kinds of wealth differently. This study finds that the marginal propensities to consume (MPCs) out of labor income and wealth, in the form of durable good, are 0.93 and 0.012, respectively. In addition, the MPCs out of labor income and wealth in the form of housing are 0.8 and 0.027, respectively. Regarding bonds as wealth, the corresponding MPCs are 0.67 and 0.055, respectively. For savings, the corresponding MPCs are 0.58 and 0.081, respectively. In combinative form of wealth, the computed MPCs are 0.7 and 0.04, respectively. Finally, considering normal goods as wealth, this study reaches the MPCs of orders 0.59 and 0.16, respectively. The long-run relationship shows that individuals’ MPC is about 0.79 apart from what types of wealth they hold. One important finding is liquidity allocation by individuals facing various kinds of wealth. This study indicates the fastest velocity of liquidation of savings and the lowest velocity of liquidation of durable goods.

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      The conformity of the goods with the contract provisions amounts to one of the main elements of due performance on behalf of the seller. And, in the event of non-conformity, the buyer will entitle some rights which their availability depends on examination of the goods and sending its notice to the seller.Contrary to popular belief, examination of goods is not confined to the examination of quality,rather, it extends to the quantity and packaging of the goods as well. The United Nations’ convention on contracts for the international sale of goods (CISG) has set down rules on the examination and notice of nonconformity in Articles38 and 39, respectively. The present article attempts to address subjects pertinent to the examination of the goods and notice of non-conformity under both the CISG and the Iranian law. The results show that despite the Iranian legislation’ silence, the CISG rules on examination Iran’s not incompatible with Iranian legal rules and principles so that there is no obstacle for Iran to accede to the CISG from this perspective.          
٭Corresponding Author’s E-mail: Eshoarian@tabrizu.ac.ir                                                                                          

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Smuggling is a part of informal economy with numerous negative effects on economy and government revenues. Using E-MIMIC method, this study tries to estimate an index of smuggling to Iran and to examine the causes and consequences of its growth. In order to trace the smuggling of imported goods, we consider the difference between imports and exports to Iran. The results show that sanctions, government intervention in exchange rate market, and real exchange rate are the most influential factors in smuggling. The estimated index shows that smuggling was low during the war and early post-war years due to great subsidies granted by the government to formal importers in the form of low exchange rates. Allocation of subsidized foreign currencies to importers resulted in low under-invoice or even over-invoice of imports in some years. However, over the 2000s, after unification of exchange rates and elimination of the foreign currency’ subsidy, the real size of smuggling increased 9.55% per annum, on average. In addition, the relative size of smuggling decreased due to higher growth rate in formal imports. The effect of sanctions was extremely significant. As a result of sanctions, smuggling increased from 24 percent of formal imports in 2010 to 60 percent in 2011 and 75 percent in 2014.

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Today complex products enter the market that their use requires compliance with the rules and guidelines that must be provided to the buyer. On the other hand, there are many products in the market that are poor, in terms of safety and quality standards, and not only have financial damage to the consumers but also may endanger their lives. Even the standard products may be inherently dangerous or have dangerous side effects. Under this situation, consumers need the essential information for correct use of the property and purchased goods. Vendors and manufacturers are obliged to provide information and guidance on how to use the product and inform the consumers about the defects that  they should know. This obligation is taken into consideration in many countries, including the Iranian law and English law. Although the parties do not have to repeat all the information and professional secrets to another in the Iranian and English law, and duty to inform the other is limited to the information contained in the decision to enter into a contract, it is not permissible to hide it.
 We can provide information about the scope on the following:
A) INFORMATION about the defects of goods;
B) warnings about the potential dangers of goods;
C) instructions for the better use of the goods; and
D) the technical information relating to the characteristics of the goods

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Cyberspace has provided the ground for the emergence of a new generation of games, in the namely of virtual games, which are beyond the games and entertainment. Although the computer games, as a part of entertainment industry, are basically considered with cultural and economic approaches, what makes such games an attractive topic for law, is the possibility of buying and selling virtual goods and items within the context of games.In-game transactions associated with some challenges with the legal status of such transactions are the most important ones. In the meantime, what makes the validity of online transactions a challenging topic refers to the doubt on the vital elements of subject-matter of contract. Since everything occurs in a virtual environment, so the objects of transactions are intangible, and in fact, do not exist. Moreover, what purchased and sold are just beneficial and valuable for the game players through the game so that they have no function and benefit out of the game. This paper tries to have a legal analysis on virtual goods and items from the point of essential conditions for the validity of the object of transactions.

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Considering the significance of food security in the planning of developing nations, such as Iran, and the crucial role played by the private sector in food investment, this study explores the influence of technology spillovers on private sector investment in Iran's agricultural food industry over a 30-year period. Using the dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model and the 2010 social accounting matrix, the study evaluates the effects of technology spillovers in three scenarios: doubling foreign direct investment, enhancing research and development to improve production efficiency (with a technology deduction coefficient of 0.0062), and increasing capital and intermediary goods imports by 20%. The impact of these scenarios on private institutional investment in the agricultural food industry, encompassing agriculture and horticulture, livestock, fisheries, and food industries, is assessed. The results indicate that the first scenario leads to increased private sector investment in all four sectors mentioned. The second scenario does not increase private sector investment in these sectors, while the third scenario only affects investment in the fisheries sector, without impacting the other sectors of the agricultural food industry.
 

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Under articles 37 and 48 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the seller is entitled to cure the lack of conformity of the goods due to specific circumstances. The same legal establishment has been accepted in the Article 7-1-4 0f the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC).
Anticipating the seller’s right to cure, one controversial issue raised is the status of the buyer's right to avoidance. Subsequently, the question arisen is whether the seller's right to cure is prior or the buyer's right to avoidance. While there are various interpretations of Article 48 leading to disagreements, in UPICC, the buyer has no right to avoidance in case of seller’s cure under Article 7-1-4. Similarly, according to general principals including Article 478 of the Civil Code in Iranian legal system, the buyer has no right to terminate if the seller is ready to cure.
To conclude, we can say the seller’s right to cure from the perspective of the doctrine, judicial precedent, legal and economic analysis has priority over buyer’s right to avoidance.