Comparative Law Researches

Comparative Law Researches

A New study on Trademark Protection in Cyberspace from a Comparative Perspective

Authors
Abstract
One of the areas of industrial property, which is most affected by developments of the borderless cyberspace, is trademarks area in which many challenges related to various fields such as territoriality principle, domain names, keywords and linking have been raised.As a result, the infringement of trademark owner's exclusive rights has been made easier. Many of these challenges, especially in the U.S. law, are considered as trademark infringement or at least trademark dilution to which the legislators have payed special attention. Even in the U.S. , case law has gone beyond and, in order to deal with the challenges, has put forward two innovative doctrines, namely "Nominative Fair Use" and "Initial Interest Confusion". The results of this study show that, in the Iranian Act on the Registration of Inventions, Industrial Designs and Trademarks, only the owner's rights infringement is sanctioned, which does not cover cases such as trademark dilution.Also and the important topic of fair use, which is necessary in cyberspace, has not been dealt with. Therefore, a reform of law is felt well.
Keywords

[1] اصلانی، حمیدرضا، حقوق مالکیت صنعتی در فضای سایبر، چ 1، تهران، نشر میزان، 1389
[2] Bakken, Erland,»Unauthorized use of authors Trademark on the Internet«,King Hall School of Law,2002.
[3] Bambashi, Olga,»Trademark enforcement in Cyberspace«,Central European University, CEUeTD Collection,2013.
[4] J.Doellinger, Chad,»Trademarks in Cyberspace: The Pseudo-Abrogation of the territoriality principle«,Yale Law School,2001.
[5] Bainbridge D., Intellectual Property, 6th ed,Pearson: Longman, 2007.
[6] اصلانی، حمیدرضا، «معیارها و آثار تعیین محل وقوع نقض حق دارندگان علائم تجاری در فضای مجازی»، فصلنامه حقوق، شماره 2، دوره 40، 1389
[7] Chaturvedi, Jyotsna, »Cyberspace Usages: Legal challenges«, Sr. Associated, Maheshwari & CO. advocates & Legal consultants.
[8] صادقی، حسین، «نام‌های دامنه و مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از نقض علامت تجاری»، فصلنامه دیدگاه‌های حقوقی دانشکده علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، شماره 40 و 41، 86-1385
 [9] Prince, Daniel, »Cyber-Criticism and the Federal Trademark Dilution Act: Regerding the noncommercial use exemption«, Virginia Journal of Law &Technology, University of Virginia, Vol 9, NO. 12, 2004.
 [10] Eng, Kevin, Breaking Through the Looking Glass:An Analysis of Trademark Rights in Domain Names Across Top Level Domains.
 [11] Muragendra B.T., »Copyright and Trademark in Cyberspace«, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol 3. Issue 6, 2012
[12] Becker, Jeffry M. &Patel, Purvi J. »Recent Trademark Challenges in Cyberspace and the growth of the initial interest confusion and nominative fair use doctrine«, Hayness and Boone, LLP, 2004
[13] D.Lipton, Jacqueline,»Bad faith in Cyberspace: Grounding Domain name theory in Trademark«,Property and Restitution, Harvard Journal of Law &Technology, Vol 23,Num 2,2010
[14] Kesmodel, David, The Domain game:How people get rich from internet domain names,2008
[15] Prutzman, L.Donald,»The developing US Law regarding the invisible use of the trademarks of others in cyberspace«,NYSBA International Law Practicum, Vol 23,NO 2,2010
[16] Sableman.M,»Link Law revisited: Internet linking Law at five years«,Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol 16,1273,2001
[17] Nagpal, Rohas,»IPR & Cyberspace-Indian Perspective«,Asia School of Cyber Laws,2008
[18] Yang,Fanshu,Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights over the Internet and Private International Law,Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Master of Philosopy, 2010
[19] Prager.Eric A., »The Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995: Substantial Likelihood of Confusion«, Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal,1996.
[20] پورنوری، منصور، حقوق مالکیت معنوی در دادگاه علامت تجاری و اختراعات، چ 1، تهران، انتشارات مهر حقوق، صص 105-104،1383
[21] Doellinger, Chad J.,»Trademarks, Metatags and Initial Interest Confusion: A look to the past to reconceptualize the future«, The journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 41, Nom 2, 2001
[22] »Gibson v. PRS: The applicability of the initial interest confusion doctrine to trademarked product shapes«, Cardozo arts & entertainment, Vol. 24:883, 2006.
[23] Rothman, Jennifer E., »Initial interest confusion: Standing at the crossroads of trademark law«, Cardozo law review, Vol.27:1, 2005.
[24] Mc Carthy,J.Thomas,McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Compettition, 4thed,Vol 3, 2003.
[25] Klein & Glazer, David M. & Daniel C., Reconsidering Initial Interest Confusion on the Internet, Vol. 93 TMR, 2003.
[26] Ederer, Louis S., »Arnold & Porter LLP, Nominative fair use: Legitimate advertising or trademark infringement?«, New York.
[27] O' Reilly, Sean, »Nominative fair use and Internet aggregators: Copyright and Trademark challenges pased by Bots, Web crawlers and Screen-scraping Technologies«, Loyala Consumer Law review, Vol.19:3, 2007.