Comparative Law Researches

Comparative Law Researches

The Analysis of «Expectation Interest» as a Criterion for Assessing Contractual Damages; The Comparison of Modern European Contract Law and Iranian Law

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
nazanin zahra attari 1
Jalil ghanavati 2
vahid Vahid Ghasemi ahd 3
1 Ph.D. Student In Department Of Private Law At Islamic Azad University , Arak Branch, Markazi, Iran
2 Associate Professor In Department Of Private Law At Pardis Farabi Of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor In Department Of Private Law At Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Markazi, Iran
Abstract
Expectation interest with the approach of the motivation support of parties from conclusion of the agreement is accepted as the most efficient criterion for assessing contractual damages in Common European Sales Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference and Principles of European Law. Expectation interest means to put the contractual injured party in the position if the contract had been performed. This theory, not only has its particular bases and principles, but also can be justified through the principles governing contractual remedies such as the principle selection freedom of the efficient remedies. Theoretically the principles such as the Transactional nature of the contract, contract as a property and consistency with the theory of efficient breach necessity of playing equal to the rate at the payment the full compensation principle can be cited. Although this criterion has faced some challenges in Iranian law according to article 515 of the civil procedure law, but assessing damages based on this criteria according to the effect that can have on the motivation of parties regarding conclusion of the agreement,optimal allocation of resources, reaching to the contractual objective has particular efficiency. So the current article studies on feasibility of acceptance in Iranian law with the efficiency analysis of this criteria and its relation with particular efficiency.
Keywords
expectation interest
Breach of contract
Redemy Efficient
Damages Assessing
[1] اصفهانی، محمدحسین، حاشیه بر مکاسب، جلد 5، قم، انوار الهدی،۱۴۱۸ق.
[2] امامی، سیدحسن، حقوق مدنی، ج 1، چ25 تهران، انتشارات اسلامیه،1384.
[3] انصاری، مرتضی، ملحقات مکاسب، رساله لاضرر، قم، مجمع‌الفکرالاسلامی،1416.
[4] انصاری، مهدی، تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق قراردادها، چ2، تهران،انتشارات جاودانه،1393.
[5] بابایی، ایرج، حقوق ﻣﺴﺌﻮلیت مدنی و الزامات خارج از قرارداد، چ1، تهران، میزان،1395.
[6] بجنوردی، حسن، قواعدالفقهیه،ج۱، قم، مطبعه خیام،۱۴۰۲ق.
[7] جعفری لنگرودی، محمد جعفر،،مضاربه، تهران، گنج دانش،1383.
[8] حسنی، هاشم،نظریه العقد فی‌الفقه‌الجعفری، بیروت، منشورات مکتبه هاشم، بی‌تا.
[9] حسینی عاملی، سیدمحمد جواد، مفتاح‌الکرامه، جلد2، دارالتراث، بیروت۱۴۱۸ق.
[10] حلی(محقق)، جعفر بن حسن، شرائع‌الاسلام،ج۲،قم،اسماعیلیان،۱۴۰۸ق.
[11] خوئی، سیدابوالقاسم موسوی، موسوعه‌الامام‌الخوئی،ج۳۱، قم، مؤسسه احیاء آثارالامام‌الخوئی،۱۴۱۸ق.
[12] خمینی موسوی، سیدروح‌اله (امام ره)، البیع، ج 1، تهران، مؤسسه تنظیم و نشر آثار امام خمینی (ره)،1421ق.
[13] رنجبر، مسعود رضا، تعیین خسارت ناشی از نقض‌قرارداد،چ3، تهران،میزان،1395.
[14] سبزواری، سیدعبدالاعلی، مهذب‌الاحکام،ج۲،چ۴، قم، مؤسسه المنار،۱۴۱۳ق.
[15] شعاریان، ابراهیم، ترابی،ابراهیم، حقوق تعهدات: مطالعه تطبیقی طرح اصلاح حقوق تعهدات فرانسه با حقوق ایران و اسناد بین‌المللی،چ2، تهران،شهر دانش،1395.
[16] شهیدی، مهدی،آثار قراردادها و تعهدات،ج 3،چ1،تهران،مجد،1382.
[17] صفایی، سیدحسین، دوره مقدماتی حقوق مدنی، قواعد عمومی قراردادها،ج 2،چ25، تهران،میزان،1395.
[18] صفایی، سیدحسین والفت؛ نعمت‌اله،«اجرای اجباری عین تعهد و تقدم آن بر حق فسخ قرارداد»،مجله حقوق تطبیقی،دوره 5،ش1389،2.
[19] طباطبایی یزدی، سیدمحمد کاظم، ﺗکمله العروه الوثقی،ج۵، قم، دفتر انتشارات اسلامی،۱۴۱۹ق.
[20] عاملی(شهید ثانی)، زین‌الدین‌بن‌علی، شرح اللمعه الدمشقیه، ج۳ ،چ۱، قم، کتابفروشی داوری،۱۴۱۰ق.
[21] عبدی پور فرد، ابراهیم؛ پرهیزگار،عبدالرضا «بررسی تطبیقی مبانی التزام به عقد با ﺗﺄکید بر نظریه اعتماد»، فصلنامه پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، شماره۱۳۹۴،۴.
[22] علامه حلی، حسن‌بن‌یوسف، قواعدالاحکام، قم، مؤسسه نشر اسلامی،۱۴۱۳ق.
[23] کاتوزیان، ناصر،نظریه عمومی تعهدات،چ3، تهران، میزان،1385.
[24] کاتوزیان، ناصر، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، ج 4،چ9، تهران،شرکت سهامی انتشار،1394.
[25] کاتوزیان، ناصر،عقود معین: مشارکت‌ها، صلح، ج 2،چ7، تهران،گنج دانش،1386.
[26] محقق داماد، سیدمصطفی، نظریه شروط و التزامات در حقوق اسلامی،چ9، تهران،مرکز نشر علوم اسلامی،1395.
[27] مغنیه، محمدجواد، فقه‌الامام‌الصادق علیه‌السلام، قم،مؤسسه انصاریان،1421ق.
[28] نجفی، محمدحسن، جواهر الکلام،ج۲۶،دار احیاء التراث العربی.بی تا.
[29] Adler, Barry E,« Efficient Breach Theory through the Looking Glass»,Online available in:
http://www.law.virginia.edu/pdf/online/0607/adler.pdf, 2007.
[30] Barnett Katy & Harder, Sirko, Remedies in Australian Contract Law, New York, Cambridge University Press,2014.
[31] Beatson J, Burrows, Andrew S & Cartwright, John, Anson's Law of Contract, 30thed, London, Oxford University Press,2016.
[32] Bix, Brian H, Contract Law: Rules, Theory and Context, New York, Cambridge University Press,2012.
[33] Blond, Neil C & Petrillo, Louis, Contracts, New York, Aspen Publishing,2007.
[34] Cavendish Law Series,Contract Law, London, 3rded, Cavendish Publishing Limited,2001.
[35] Chen-Wishart, Mindy & Magnus, Ulrich, «Termination, Price Reduction and Damages», in The Common European Sales Law in Context, UK, Oxford University Press,2014.
[36] Chitty Joseph, Beale Hugh H,Chitty on Contract,Vol 1, 29nded, Sweet& Maxwell Publishing,2004.
[37] Cooter R, Ulen T,Law and Economics,3nded,Addison Wesly Longman.2000.
[38] Fafinski, Stefan & Finch, Emily,Contract Law,2nded Harlow, Pearson Publishing,2009.
[39] Gold, Andrew S,«A Property Theory of Contract»,Northwestern University Law Review, 103(1),2009.
[40] Haar, Roger T &Haar, Camilla T, Remedies in Construction Law,London, Informa Law,2010.
[41] Harris, Donald, Campbell, David &Halson, Roger, Remedies in Contract and Tort, 2nded, New York, Cambridge University Press,2002.
[42] Hogg, Martin, Promises and Contract Law: Comparative Perspectives, New York, Cambridge University Press,2011.
[43] Hsieh, Lawrence, Business Law: A Graphical Approach, New York, Wolter Kluwer,2017.
[44] Hylton, Keith N, Tort Law: A Modern Perspective, New York, Cambridge University Press,2016.
[45] Leitzel,Jim,«Reliance and Economic Breach», Journal of Law and Contemporary Problems, 52(1),1989.
[46] Markovits,D ,Schwartz, A,The Expectation Remedy Revisited, Facutly Scholarship Series.Paper 4730 Online available at:http:// digitalcommons.Law.yale.edu/fss-papers,2012.
[47] MCKendrich, Ewan,.Contract Law, 12thed, London,: Palgrave Publishing,2017.
[48] Medina, Barak,«Renegotiation, 'Efficient Breach' and Adjustment: The Choice of Remedy for Breach of Contract as a Choice of a Contract-Modification Theory», in, Comparative Remedies for Breach of Contract, US, Hart Publishing,2005.
[49] O'Sullivan, Janet & Hilliard, Jonathan, The Law of Contract, 6thed, New York, Oxford University Press,2014.
[50] Pearce, David &Halson, Roger, «Damages for Breach of Contract: Compensation, Restitution and Vindication», Vol 28, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, No.1,2008.
[51] Posner,Richard, The Problematic of maral and legal theory,Harvard law review,at: http:// www. Jstorog,1998.
[52] Richard Stone, James, The Modern Law of Contract, 11thed, London, Routledge,2015.
[53] Rowan,Solène, Remedies for Breach of Contract, A Comparative Analysis of the Protection of Performance, London, Oxford University Press,2012.
[54] Schmidt-Kessel, Martin &Silkens,Eva, « Breach of Contract, in European Perspectives on the Common European Sales Law»,Switzerland: Springer,2015.
[55] Schlechtriem, Peter & Butler, Petra,UN Law on International Sales:The UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Heidelberg: Springer Publishing,2008.
[56] Shavell,Steven, «Specific Performance versus Damages for Breach of Contract: An Economic Analysis», Workshop present,The University of Michigan Law School,2005.
[57] Shavell, Steven«Is Breach of Contract?», In Emory Law Journal, available in: http://kie.vse.cz/wp-content/uploads/5IE471-Shavell-2006-Is-breach-immoral.pdf, 2006.
[58] Slawson, W. David, «Role of Reliance in Contract Damages»,Cornell Law Review, 76(3),1990.
[59] Shiffrin, S, The Divergence of Contract and Promise, Harvard Law Review,Vol.120,2007.
[60] Slawson, W. David ,«Why Expectation Damages for Breach of Contract Must Be the Norm: A Refutation of the Fuller and Perdue "Tree Interests" Thesis»,Nebraska Law Review, 81(3),2003.
[61] Tepper, Pamela,The Law of Contracts and the Uniform Commercial Code, 3rded, Boston, Cengage Learning,2014
[62] Ulen, Thomas S, «The Efficiency of Specific Performance: Toward a Unified Theory of Contract Remedies», Michigan Law Review,83(2),1984.
[63] Wittman, d. Economic Foundation Law and Organization, New York,Cambridge University Press,2006.
[64] Yorio Edward &Thel, Steve, Contract Enforcement: Specific Performance and Injunctions, 2nded, New York, Kluwer,2017.