حمایت از حق انسجام و همبستگی مجدد خانواده در چارچوب حقوق بینالملل پناهندگی: تأملی در رویه و نظریه
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
2
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
همبستگی خانوادگی از جمله حقوق بشری است که در اسناد بین‌المللی متعددی از جمله اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر (1948) و میثاقین مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با این حال، هنگامی که بحث از حق انسجام و وحدت نهاد خانواده برای فرد پناهنده در چارچوب حقوق بینالملل بشر مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد، مسأله با چالش‌های فراوانی از جمله شناسایی این حق و سازوکارهای موجود در جهت اعمال و احقاق حق براساس اسناد و رویه روبرو می‌شود.
به هر روی، از آنجا که پناهندگان نیز به عنوان ابنای بشر از حقوق بنیادین بشری برخوردارند، بهره‌مندی ایشان از همبستگی خانوادگی و الحاق به خانواده در سرزمین مقصد اجتناب‌ناپذیر، ضروری و در قالب حقوق بینالملل بشر قابل احقاق می‌کند. این مقاله در صدد آن است تا ضمن بررسی جایگاه حق انسجام و همبستگی خانواده پناهندگان در حقوق بینالملل و همچنین چالش‌های موجود آن، به تأملی در رویه بین‌المللی و عملکرد دولت‌های مختلف در این موضوع پرداخته و ظرفیت‌های موجود جهت الحاق خانواده به پناهنده و معضلات پیش‌روی را مورد تحلیل حقوقی قرار دهد.
به هر روی، از آنجا که پناهندگان نیز به عنوان ابنای بشر از حقوق بنیادین بشری برخوردارند، بهره‌مندی ایشان از همبستگی خانوادگی و الحاق به خانواده در سرزمین مقصد اجتناب‌ناپذیر، ضروری و در قالب حقوق بینالملل بشر قابل احقاق می‌کند. این مقاله در صدد آن است تا ضمن بررسی جایگاه حق انسجام و همبستگی خانواده پناهندگان در حقوق بینالملل و همچنین چالش‌های موجود آن، به تأملی در رویه بین‌المللی و عملکرد دولت‌های مختلف در این موضوع پرداخته و ظرفیت‌های موجود جهت الحاق خانواده به پناهنده و معضلات پیش‌روی را مورد تحلیل حقوقی قرار دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
فارسی
1- توسلی نائینی، منوچهر؛ «تبعات ورود و اقامت غیرمجاز اتباع بیگانه در ایران»؛ مجله علمی-پژوهشی نامه مفید؛ شماره 49؛ مقاله 3؛ صص 47-64. 1384
2- حاج حسینی، حسین؛ «سیری در نظریه‌های مهاجرت»؛ فصلنامه راهبرد؛ شماره 41؛ مقاله 12؛ صص: 35-46؛ 1385
3- خالوزاده، سعید؛ «سیاست اتحادیه اروپا در قبال مهاجرت»؛ پژوهش نامه سیاست خارجی؛ شماره 25؛ مقاله 4؛ صص 105-130؛ 1389
4- روفرت، ماتیاس؛ اشتاینکه، سباستین؛ حقوق مدیریت جهانی علم، مترجم: آرامش شهبازی؛ موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهردانش؛ 1393
5- شهبازی، آرامش؛ چهل امیرانی، امیر؛ حمایت از مهاجران غیرقانونی در حقوق بین الملل؛ تهران: انتشارات حقوقی شهر دانش؛ 1395
6- کیهانلو، فاطمه؛ «بررسی اعمال اصل مصونیت اعاده در مواجهه با حرکات گسترده آوارگان جنگی»؛ مجله پژوهش-های حقوقی؛ انتشارات شهر دانش؛ شماره دوم؛ مقاله 4؛ صص 133-153؛ 1382
7- موسی زاده، ابراهیم؛ کهریزی, رزیتا؛ حقوق پناهندگی؛ تهران: انتشارات مجد؛ 1393
لاتین
8- Alfredsson, G., & Eide, A.; The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : a common standard of achievement. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1999.
9- Block, Laura., & Bonjour, Saskia; Fortress Europe or Europe of Rights? The Europeanisation of Family Migration Policies in France, Germany and the Netherlands. European Journal Migration and Law, 15, 203-224; 2013.
10- Ciment, James; Radzilowski, John ; American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. New York: Routledge, 2014.
11- Gesley, Jenny; Germany: Proposed Tightening of Asylum Rules. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress of the U.S., 2016.
12- Jaquemet, Stephane; The Cross-Fertilization of International Humanitarian Law and International Refugee Law. International Review of the Red Cross; vol. 83; pp.651-674; 2001.
13- Jastram, K., & Newland, K.; Family Unity and Refugee Protection. In E. Feller, V. Turk, & F. Nicholson, Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (pp. 556-602). New York: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
14- Lee, Catherine; Fictive Kinship: Family Reunification and the Meaning of Race and Nation in American Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2013.
15- Okhovat, Sahar; Hirsch, Asher; Hoang, Khanh; Dowd, Rebecca; Rethinking resettlement and family re::union:: in Australia; Alternative Law Journal; 14(4); pp. 273-278; 2017.
16- Opeskin, Brian; Perruchoud, Richard; Redpath-Cross, Jillyanne; Foundations of International Migration Law; New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
17- Pascouau, Yves; Labayle, Henri; “Conditions for Family Reunification Under Strain”; Report; European Policy Centre; King Baudouin Foundation; 2011.
18- Rohan, Mark ; Refugee Family Reunification Rights: A Basis in the European Court of Human Rights' Family Reunification Jurisprudence. Chicago Journal of International Law; 15 (1); pp.347-375; 2014.
19- Starr, S., & Brilmayer, L; Family Separation as a violation of International Law. Barkeley Journal of International Law, 21(2), 213-287; 2003.
20- Watson, Scott D; the Securitization of Humanitarian Migration: Digging Moats and Sinking Boats; New York: Routledge; 2009.
Documents
21- Advisory Opinion, A 17 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights August 28, 2002). Retrieved April 15, 2019, from http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_17_ing.pdf
22- Advisory Opinion, A 21 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights August 19, 2014). from www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_21_eng.doc
23- Bosnia and Herzegovina; Law on Immigration and Asylum; 1999; available at: http://msb.gov.ba /inf_za_strance /default.aspx?id=3068&langTag=en-US.
24- Canadian Council for Refugees; Family Reunification; 2017; available at: http://ccrweb.ca/en/psr-toolkit/other-useful-info-family-reunification.
25- CMW; General Comment No. 1; on Migrant Domestic Workers. Geneva: 2010; available at: www.ohchr.org; retrived: 14 April 2019; https://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/GC_ Domestic_Workers.doc.
26- CRC; GENERAL COMMENT No.6; Geneva; 2005; available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr .org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fGC%2f2005%2f6&Lang=en.
27- CRC & CMW ; Joint general comment No. 3: on the general principlesregarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration. Geneva: 2017; available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/343/59/PDF/G1734359.pdf.
28- Ecuador Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration; General Office for Refugees; 2009; ECUADOR’S REFUGEE POLICY; available at: www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/libros/digital/ 54182. Pdf.
29- European Court of Human Rights; Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights; Strasbourg; 2018; available at: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_8_ENG .pdf.
30- Executive Committee Conclusions No. 1(XXVI) 1975(f); No. 9 (XXVIII) 1977; No. 24 (XXXII) 1981; No. 84 (XLVIII) 1997; No. 85 (XLIX) 1998 (u)-(x); No. 88 ((L) 1999; available at: https://www.unhcr.org/publications.
31- General Assembly Resoloution 429 (V); Final Act of the 1951 U.N. Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the status of Refugees and Stateless Persons; Recommendation B. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCHR; available at: https://www.unhcr.org/protection/travaux/40a8a7394 /final-act-united-nations-conference-plenipotentiaries-status-refugees-stateless.html.
32- Human Rights Committee, 39th session; General comment No. 19; 1990; Available at: http:// www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/general%20comment%2019.pdf.
33- Human Rights Committee; General Comment No. 19; Geneva; 1990; from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fGEC%2f6620&Lang=en.
34- Human Rights Committee; General Comment No. 16; Geneva; 1988; from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org:https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.
35- Human Rights Council; Advance Unedited Version. Geneva; 2016; from: https://www.ohchr.org/ _layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/ProtectionFamily/A-HRC-31-37_en.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1.
36- Human Rights Council; Compilation prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution; Geneva; 2011; available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiF rame.aspx.
37- Secretariat of the Inter-Governmental Consultations, Report on Family Reunification: Overview of Policies and Practices in IGC Participating States; 1997; available at: www.unhcr.org/3b30baa04.pdf.
38- Iraq; The Political Refugee Act; 1971; available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/560a498c4. Html.
39- UNHCR Resettlement Handbook, Chapter 4.6.7 (a); 2011; available at: https://www.unhcr. org/46f7c0e e2.pdf.
40- UNHCR, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care; Geneva; 1994; Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/protection/children/3b84c6c67/refugee-children-guidelines-protection-care.html.
41- UNHCR; Annual Tripartite Consultations on Resettlement; 2001; Available at: www.unhcr. org/3b30ba111.pdf.
42- United States Citizenship and Immigration Services; Immigration through a Family Member; 2008; available at: http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.
Cases
43- Fornerón and daughter v. Argentina;Case No. C 242; Inter-American Court of Human Rights 27 April, 2012; from http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_242_ing.pdf.
44- Garcia and Family Members v. Guatemala; Case No. C 258; Inter-American Court of Human Rights 29 November 2012; from http://www.corteidh.or.cr/cf/jurisprudencia2/busqueda_casos_c ontenciosos.cfm?lang=en.
45- Hendrick Winata and So Lan Li v. Australia; Case No. (CCPR/C/72/D/2000/930) UNHRC; 16 August 2000; from https://www.refworld.org/cases,HRC,3f588ef67.html.
46- Kroon and others v. The Netherlands;Case No. 91/18535; The European Court of Human Rights; 27 October 1994; from: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng.
47- Lozovyye v. Russia; Case No.09/4587; The European Court of Human Rights; 24 July 2018; from: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre.
48- Marckx v. Belgium; Case No.74/6833; The European Court of Human Rights;13 June1979; from: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng.
49- Pacheco Tineo Family v. Bolivia; Case No. C 272; Inter-American Court of Human Rights; 25 November; 2013; from: http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_272_ing.pdf.
50- Vélez Restrepo and family v. Colombia; Case No. C 248; Inter-American Court of Human Rights; 3 September 2012; from:http://www.corteidh.or.cr/cf/jurisprudencia2/b busqueda_casos _contenciosos.cfm.
1- توسلی نائینی، منوچهر؛ «تبعات ورود و اقامت غیرمجاز اتباع بیگانه در ایران»؛ مجله علمی-پژوهشی نامه مفید؛ شماره 49؛ مقاله 3؛ صص 47-64. 1384
2- حاج حسینی، حسین؛ «سیری در نظریه‌های مهاجرت»؛ فصلنامه راهبرد؛ شماره 41؛ مقاله 12؛ صص: 35-46؛ 1385
3- خالوزاده، سعید؛ «سیاست اتحادیه اروپا در قبال مهاجرت»؛ پژوهش نامه سیاست خارجی؛ شماره 25؛ مقاله 4؛ صص 105-130؛ 1389
4- روفرت، ماتیاس؛ اشتاینکه، سباستین؛ حقوق مدیریت جهانی علم، مترجم: آرامش شهبازی؛ موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهردانش؛ 1393
5- شهبازی، آرامش؛ چهل امیرانی، امیر؛ حمایت از مهاجران غیرقانونی در حقوق بین الملل؛ تهران: انتشارات حقوقی شهر دانش؛ 1395
6- کیهانلو، فاطمه؛ «بررسی اعمال اصل مصونیت اعاده در مواجهه با حرکات گسترده آوارگان جنگی»؛ مجله پژوهش-های حقوقی؛ انتشارات شهر دانش؛ شماره دوم؛ مقاله 4؛ صص 133-153؛ 1382
7- موسی زاده، ابراهیم؛ کهریزی, رزیتا؛ حقوق پناهندگی؛ تهران: انتشارات مجد؛ 1393
لاتین
8- Alfredsson, G., & Eide, A.; The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : a common standard of achievement. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1999.
9- Block, Laura., & Bonjour, Saskia; Fortress Europe or Europe of Rights? The Europeanisation of Family Migration Policies in France, Germany and the Netherlands. European Journal Migration and Law, 15, 203-224; 2013.
10- Ciment, James; Radzilowski, John ; American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. New York: Routledge, 2014.
11- Gesley, Jenny; Germany: Proposed Tightening of Asylum Rules. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress of the U.S., 2016.
12- Jaquemet, Stephane; The Cross-Fertilization of International Humanitarian Law and International Refugee Law. International Review of the Red Cross; vol. 83; pp.651-674; 2001.
13- Jastram, K., & Newland, K.; Family Unity and Refugee Protection. In E. Feller, V. Turk, & F. Nicholson, Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (pp. 556-602). New York: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
14- Lee, Catherine; Fictive Kinship: Family Reunification and the Meaning of Race and Nation in American Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2013.
15- Okhovat, Sahar; Hirsch, Asher; Hoang, Khanh; Dowd, Rebecca; Rethinking resettlement and family re::union:: in Australia; Alternative Law Journal; 14(4); pp. 273-278; 2017.
16- Opeskin, Brian; Perruchoud, Richard; Redpath-Cross, Jillyanne; Foundations of International Migration Law; New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
17- Pascouau, Yves; Labayle, Henri; “Conditions for Family Reunification Under Strain”; Report; European Policy Centre; King Baudouin Foundation; 2011.
18- Rohan, Mark ; Refugee Family Reunification Rights: A Basis in the European Court of Human Rights' Family Reunification Jurisprudence. Chicago Journal of International Law; 15 (1); pp.347-375; 2014.
19- Starr, S., & Brilmayer, L; Family Separation as a violation of International Law. Barkeley Journal of International Law, 21(2), 213-287; 2003.
20- Watson, Scott D; the Securitization of Humanitarian Migration: Digging Moats and Sinking Boats; New York: Routledge; 2009.
Documents
21- Advisory Opinion, A 17 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights August 28, 2002). Retrieved April 15, 2019, from http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_17_ing.pdf
22- Advisory Opinion, A 21 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights August 19, 2014). from www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_21_eng.doc
23- Bosnia and Herzegovina; Law on Immigration and Asylum; 1999; available at: http://msb.gov.ba /inf_za_strance /default.aspx?id=3068&langTag=en-US.
24- Canadian Council for Refugees; Family Reunification; 2017; available at: http://ccrweb.ca/en/psr-toolkit/other-useful-info-family-reunification.
25- CMW; General Comment No. 1; on Migrant Domestic Workers. Geneva: 2010; available at: www.ohchr.org; retrived: 14 April 2019; https://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/GC_ Domestic_Workers.doc.
26- CRC; GENERAL COMMENT No.6; Geneva; 2005; available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr .org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fGC%2f2005%2f6&Lang=en.
27- CRC & CMW ; Joint general comment No. 3: on the general principlesregarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration. Geneva: 2017; available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/343/59/PDF/G1734359.pdf.
28- Ecuador Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration; General Office for Refugees; 2009; ECUADOR’S REFUGEE POLICY; available at: www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/libros/digital/ 54182. Pdf.
29- European Court of Human Rights; Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights; Strasbourg; 2018; available at: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_8_ENG .pdf.
30- Executive Committee Conclusions No. 1(XXVI) 1975(f); No. 9 (XXVIII) 1977; No. 24 (XXXII) 1981; No. 84 (XLVIII) 1997; No. 85 (XLIX) 1998 (u)-(x); No. 88 ((L) 1999; available at: https://www.unhcr.org/publications.
31- General Assembly Resoloution 429 (V); Final Act of the 1951 U.N. Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the status of Refugees and Stateless Persons; Recommendation B. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCHR; available at: https://www.unhcr.org/protection/travaux/40a8a7394 /final-act-united-nations-conference-plenipotentiaries-status-refugees-stateless.html.
32- Human Rights Committee, 39th session; General comment No. 19; 1990; Available at: http:// www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/general%20comment%2019.pdf.
33- Human Rights Committee; General Comment No. 19; Geneva; 1990; from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fGEC%2f6620&Lang=en.
34- Human Rights Committee; General Comment No. 16; Geneva; 1988; from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org:https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.
35- Human Rights Council; Advance Unedited Version. Geneva; 2016; from: https://www.ohchr.org/ _layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/ProtectionFamily/A-HRC-31-37_en.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1.
36- Human Rights Council; Compilation prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution; Geneva; 2011; available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiF rame.aspx.
37- Secretariat of the Inter-Governmental Consultations, Report on Family Reunification: Overview of Policies and Practices in IGC Participating States; 1997; available at: www.unhcr.org/3b30baa04.pdf.
38- Iraq; The Political Refugee Act; 1971; available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/560a498c4. Html.
39- UNHCR Resettlement Handbook, Chapter 4.6.7 (a); 2011; available at: https://www.unhcr. org/46f7c0e e2.pdf.
40- UNHCR, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care; Geneva; 1994; Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/protection/children/3b84c6c67/refugee-children-guidelines-protection-care.html.
41- UNHCR; Annual Tripartite Consultations on Resettlement; 2001; Available at: www.unhcr. org/3b30ba111.pdf.
42- United States Citizenship and Immigration Services; Immigration through a Family Member; 2008; available at: http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.
Cases
43- Fornerón and daughter v. Argentina;Case No. C 242; Inter-American Court of Human Rights 27 April, 2012; from http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_242_ing.pdf.
44- Garcia and Family Members v. Guatemala; Case No. C 258; Inter-American Court of Human Rights 29 November 2012; from http://www.corteidh.or.cr/cf/jurisprudencia2/busqueda_casos_c ontenciosos.cfm?lang=en.
45- Hendrick Winata and So Lan Li v. Australia; Case No. (CCPR/C/72/D/2000/930) UNHRC; 16 August 2000; from https://www.refworld.org/cases,HRC,3f588ef67.html.
46- Kroon and others v. The Netherlands;Case No. 91/18535; The European Court of Human Rights; 27 October 1994; from: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng.
47- Lozovyye v. Russia; Case No.09/4587; The European Court of Human Rights; 24 July 2018; from: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre.
48- Marckx v. Belgium; Case No.74/6833; The European Court of Human Rights;13 June1979; from: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng.
49- Pacheco Tineo Family v. Bolivia; Case No. C 272; Inter-American Court of Human Rights; 25 November; 2013; from: http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_272_ing.pdf.
50- Vélez Restrepo and family v. Colombia; Case No. C 248; Inter-American Court of Human Rights; 3 September 2012; from:http://www.corteidh.or.cr/cf/jurisprudencia2/b busqueda_casos _contenciosos.cfm.
