مفهوم و تاثیر اکراه در مسئولیت مدنی در حقوق ایران و فرانسه
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
استاد گروه حقوق دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
2
دانشجو دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
3
استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایران
چکیده
انسان موجودی ارادی است و داشتن این خصوصیت باعث می شود که مسئولیت هایی برانسان بار شود و در صورتی که فرد تحت تاثیر اکراه، اراده اش مخدوش شود مسئول دانستن او تا حدودی امکان پذیر نیست. البته این نظر در بحث قواعد عمومی قراردادها و مسئولیت کیفری درقوانین دو کشور ایران و فرانسه، پیش بینی شده ولی قانون گذار ایران در حقوق مسئولیت مدنی، سکوت کرده است. دانشمندان علوم اسلامی، در کتاب های فقهی به این موضوع پرداخته و در بعضی موضوعات از جمله مبحث قتل اکراهی، اختلاف نظر دارند، در قانون مجازات اسلامی، در خصوص مجازات شخص اکراه شده، قانونگذاری شده است، ولی در مبحث حقوقی، حقوقدانان ایرانی، در کتب مسئولیت مدنی خود، به طور مختصر، با اشاره به کتب فقهی و قوانین مرتبط به آن پرداخته، ولی قاعده خاصی برای آن پیش بینی نکرده اند. با دقت در قوانین دو کشورایران و فرانسه، ضرورت پیش بینی مواد مجزایی برای موضوع اکراه در مسئولیت مدنی ایران به دلیل اهمیت روزافزون مسئولیت مدنی و جلوگیری از اختلاف نظر در رویه قضایی احساس شده و مواد پیشنهادی هم ارائه گردیده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
1- The Holy Quran.
A) Persian sources:
2- Ardabili, Mohammad Ali, General Criminal Law, Vol. 2, Ch. 28, Tehran, Mizan, 2013.
3- Emami, Seyed Hassan, Civil Law, Vol. 1, Ch. 28, Tehran, Islamic Publications, 2006.
4- Babaei, Iraj, Civil Liability Law and Non-Contractual Obligations, Ch 2, Tehran, Mizan, 2018.
5- Barikloo, Alireza, Civil Liability, Ch 6, Tehran, Mizan, 2015.
6- Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, Legal Terminology, Ch 14, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh, 2004.
7- A group of researchers under the supervision of Hashemi Shahroudi, Seyyed Mahmoud, Farhang-e-Fiqh according to the religion of Ahl al-Bayt (as), vol. 1, ch, 2005.
8- Jordan, Patrice, Principles of Civil Liability, translated and researched by Majid Adib, Ch 4, Tehran, Mizan, 2015.
9- Safaei, Seyed Hassan, Civil Law, General Rules of Contracts, Vol. 2, Ch. 9, Tehran, Mizan, 2010.
10- Safaei, Seyed Hassan, Rahimi, Habibollah, Comparative Civil Liability, Ch 1, Tehran, Shahr-e Danesh, 2018.
11- Shahidi, Mehdi, Formation of Contracts and Obligations, Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Tehran, Majd, 2011.
12- Abdipour, Ebrahim, A Comparative Study of the Concept and Effects of Emergency in Civil Law, Ch 1, Qom, Islamic Propaganda Office, 1997.
13- Amid, Hassan, Farhang Amid, Ch 16, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications, Tehran, 1978.
14_ Fakhartousi, Javad, in the presence of Sheikh Ansari, vol. 18, ch. 9, Qom, Dar al-Hikma (Allama), 2017.
15- Katozian, Nasser, Civil Law, General Rules of Contracts, Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Tehran, Publishing Company, 2009.
16- Katozian, Nasser, Non-Contractual Obligations, Civil Liability, Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Tehran, University of Tehran, 2012.
17- Mirsaeidi, Seyed Mansour, Criminal Liability, Vol. 1, Ch. 3, Tehran, Mizan, 2011.
18- Nouri- Mohammad Ali, French Civil Law, Ch 1, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh, 2001.
19- Yazdanian, Alireza, General Rules of Civil Liability, Vol. 1, Ch. 2, Tehran, Mizan, 2018.
B) Arabic sources:
20- Hosseini Maraghehaei, Seyyed Mir Abdolfattah Ibn Ali, Al-Anawin Al-Fiqhiyyah, vol. 2, ch. 1, Qom, Islamic publications affiliated with the Society of Teachers of the Seminary of Qom, 1997.
21- Khoei, Seyyed Abolghasem Mousavi, Fundamentals of Theology, Volume 2, Number 1, Qom, Institute for the Revival of the Works of Imam Al-Khoei, 2001.
22- Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din bin Ali Ameli, Al-Rawdha al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lama'ah al-Damashqiyyah, vol. 3, ch. 1, Qom, Davari Bookstore, 1990.
23- Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali Ameli, Masalak al-Afham to Tanqih Sharia al-Islam, vol. 3, ch. 1, Qom, Institute of Islamic Enlightenment, 1993.
24- Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali Ameli, Masalak al-Afham to Tanqih Sharia al-Islam, vol. 15, ch. 1, Qom, Institute of Islamic Enlightenment, 1993.
25- Najafi, Sahib Jawaher, Mohammad Hassan, Jawahar al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, vol. 37, ch. 7, Beirut, Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi, 1984.
26- Najafi, Sahib Jawaher, Mohammad Hassan, Jawahar al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, vol. 42, ch. 7, Beirut, Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi, 1984.
C) French sources:
27- Ballé (C.),1976, La menace : un langage de violence Paris, CNRS, 1976
28- BAMDE Aurelin & Bourdoisead J, Droit des contrats, Droit des obligations, 2017, https://aurelienbamde.com/2017/02/20/la-violence-notion-elements-constitutifs-et-reforme-des-obligations .
29- Bastide G, (1961), Traité de l’action morale, t. I, n 58, Paris, p 258.
30- C. Goux, (2002), la violence dans la formation des actes juridiques, la théorie générale des obligations, Liège, Formation permanente CUP, vol. 57.,
31- Charlot Ch, (1972), la violation dans les contrats, Mémoire sous la direction du Professeur J. Ghestin, Paris, p49.
32- Cour de cassation, 3ème chambre civile, 19 février 1969.
33-Descamps.(O), 2009, La responsabilité dans le Code civil, Histoire de la justice, n° 19), p 291 - 310
34- F-X. Testu, (2010), Contrats d’affaires, Dalloz, n 12, p34.
35- Mestre (J) et Fage (B), (2006), observations sous 2e Civ, Revue trimestrielle de droit civil, n 1, charonique 3, p 108-109.
36- Partouche (B),2013, Tentative et violences volontaires dans la jurisprudence «contemporaine, Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé », Dalloz, 2013, N° 4, p 759 – 775
37- R.J. Pothier, (1835), Traité des obligations, Tome premier, Bruxelles, Lancet et cie Librairies, n 23.
38- Salomé Zoé, 2014, étude comparative de la notion de violence en droit franco-belge et britannique, mémoire sous direction Philippe Denis, université de catholique de Louvain.
A) Persian sources:
2- Ardabili, Mohammad Ali, General Criminal Law, Vol. 2, Ch. 28, Tehran, Mizan, 2013.
3- Emami, Seyed Hassan, Civil Law, Vol. 1, Ch. 28, Tehran, Islamic Publications, 2006.
4- Babaei, Iraj, Civil Liability Law and Non-Contractual Obligations, Ch 2, Tehran, Mizan, 2018.
5- Barikloo, Alireza, Civil Liability, Ch 6, Tehran, Mizan, 2015.
6- Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, Legal Terminology, Ch 14, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh, 2004.
7- A group of researchers under the supervision of Hashemi Shahroudi, Seyyed Mahmoud, Farhang-e-Fiqh according to the religion of Ahl al-Bayt (as), vol. 1, ch, 2005.
8- Jordan, Patrice, Principles of Civil Liability, translated and researched by Majid Adib, Ch 4, Tehran, Mizan, 2015.
9- Safaei, Seyed Hassan, Civil Law, General Rules of Contracts, Vol. 2, Ch. 9, Tehran, Mizan, 2010.
10- Safaei, Seyed Hassan, Rahimi, Habibollah, Comparative Civil Liability, Ch 1, Tehran, Shahr-e Danesh, 2018.
11- Shahidi, Mehdi, Formation of Contracts and Obligations, Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Tehran, Majd, 2011.
12- Abdipour, Ebrahim, A Comparative Study of the Concept and Effects of Emergency in Civil Law, Ch 1, Qom, Islamic Propaganda Office, 1997.
13- Amid, Hassan, Farhang Amid, Ch 16, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications, Tehran, 1978.
14_ Fakhartousi, Javad, in the presence of Sheikh Ansari, vol. 18, ch. 9, Qom, Dar al-Hikma (Allama), 2017.
15- Katozian, Nasser, Civil Law, General Rules of Contracts, Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Tehran, Publishing Company, 2009.
16- Katozian, Nasser, Non-Contractual Obligations, Civil Liability, Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Tehran, University of Tehran, 2012.
17- Mirsaeidi, Seyed Mansour, Criminal Liability, Vol. 1, Ch. 3, Tehran, Mizan, 2011.
18- Nouri- Mohammad Ali, French Civil Law, Ch 1, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh, 2001.
19- Yazdanian, Alireza, General Rules of Civil Liability, Vol. 1, Ch. 2, Tehran, Mizan, 2018.
B) Arabic sources:
20- Hosseini Maraghehaei, Seyyed Mir Abdolfattah Ibn Ali, Al-Anawin Al-Fiqhiyyah, vol. 2, ch. 1, Qom, Islamic publications affiliated with the Society of Teachers of the Seminary of Qom, 1997.
21- Khoei, Seyyed Abolghasem Mousavi, Fundamentals of Theology, Volume 2, Number 1, Qom, Institute for the Revival of the Works of Imam Al-Khoei, 2001.
22- Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din bin Ali Ameli, Al-Rawdha al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lama'ah al-Damashqiyyah, vol. 3, ch. 1, Qom, Davari Bookstore, 1990.
23- Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali Ameli, Masalak al-Afham to Tanqih Sharia al-Islam, vol. 3, ch. 1, Qom, Institute of Islamic Enlightenment, 1993.
24- Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali Ameli, Masalak al-Afham to Tanqih Sharia al-Islam, vol. 15, ch. 1, Qom, Institute of Islamic Enlightenment, 1993.
25- Najafi, Sahib Jawaher, Mohammad Hassan, Jawahar al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, vol. 37, ch. 7, Beirut, Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi, 1984.
26- Najafi, Sahib Jawaher, Mohammad Hassan, Jawahar al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, vol. 42, ch. 7, Beirut, Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi, 1984.
C) French sources:
27- Ballé (C.),1976, La menace : un langage de violence Paris, CNRS, 1976
28- BAMDE Aurelin & Bourdoisead J, Droit des contrats, Droit des obligations, 2017, https://aurelienbamde.com/2017/02/20/la-violence-notion-elements-constitutifs-et-reforme-des-obligations .
29- Bastide G, (1961), Traité de l’action morale, t. I, n 58, Paris, p 258.
30- C. Goux, (2002), la violence dans la formation des actes juridiques, la théorie générale des obligations, Liège, Formation permanente CUP, vol. 57.,
31- Charlot Ch, (1972), la violation dans les contrats, Mémoire sous la direction du Professeur J. Ghestin, Paris, p49.
32- Cour de cassation, 3ème chambre civile, 19 février 1969.
33-Descamps.(O), 2009, La responsabilité dans le Code civil, Histoire de la justice, n° 19), p 291 - 310
34- F-X. Testu, (2010), Contrats d’affaires, Dalloz, n 12, p34.
35- Mestre (J) et Fage (B), (2006), observations sous 2e Civ, Revue trimestrielle de droit civil, n 1, charonique 3, p 108-109.
36- Partouche (B),2013, Tentative et violences volontaires dans la jurisprudence «contemporaine, Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé », Dalloz, 2013, N° 4, p 759 – 775
37- R.J. Pothier, (1835), Traité des obligations, Tome premier, Bruxelles, Lancet et cie Librairies, n 23.
38- Salomé Zoé, 2014, étude comparative de la notion de violence en droit franco-belge et britannique, mémoire sous direction Philippe Denis, université de catholique de Louvain.
