مطالعه تطبیقی تاثیر تحریم های اقتصادی بر تعهدات در حقوق ایران وتجارت بین المللی
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی واحد دامغان، سمنان، ایران
2
استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دامغان، سمنان، ایران
3
استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی واحد دامغان، سمنان، ایران
4
استادیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دامغان، سمنان، ایران
چکیده
تحریم های اقتصادی به عنوان یک ابزار مقابله ای از سوی دولت های توسعه یافته علیه دولت های در حال توسعه به منظور وادار کردن دولت تحریم شده به مطابقت با مطالبات تحمیل شده دولت های تحریم کننده اعمال می شود. این تحریم ها از آثار مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی ، قانونی و ... برخوردارند که یکی از آنها، بر روی تعهدات قراردادی است . جدا از این که قانون خاصی در زمینه تاثیر تحریم های بین المللی بر تعهدات قراردادی در نظام حقوقی ایران تدوین نشده است ، اما در رویه داوری بین المللی و قضایی داخلی سایر کشورها به این موضوع توجه شده است . سوال اصلی که در این تحقیق وجود دارد ، ان است که رویکرد نظام حقوقی ایران و حقوق تجارت بین المللی نسبت به تاثیر تحریم های اقتصادی بر تعهدات چیست ؟ نتیجه تحقیق حاضر بدین صورت است که از نظر مبانی و رویه قضایی و داوری، تفاوت عمده ای وجود دارد به نحوی که در نظام حقوق تجارت بین الملل بر اساس سه دکترین هاردشیپ، عقیم سازی و فورس ماژور، این تاثیرات را مورد بررسی قرار می دهند در حالی که در نظام حقوقی ایران، رویکرد خاصی در این زمینه مشاهده نمی شود . ثانیا، در نظام حقوقی تجاری بین المللی ، رویه واحدی در زمینه تلقی تحریم های اقتصادی به عنوان فورس ماژور یا واقعه دشوار ( هارد شیپ) یا عقیم ساز دیده نمی شود . با این حال، عمده رویه ها متمایل به دکترین عقیم سازی هستند. این در حالی است که به نظر می رسد که نظام قضایی ایران عمدتا متمایل به تلقی تحریم های بین المللی به عنوان فورس ماژور باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
Persian resources
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar; Legal Terminology, Tehran, Rastad Foundation Publications, First Edition, 1984.
Shahidi, Mahdieh; Works of Contracts and Obligations, Tehran, Majd Publications, Third Edition, 2007.
Sadeghi Moghadam, Mohammad Hassan; Change in the terms of the contract, Tehran, Publications of the Judiciary, first edition, 2000.
Katozian, Nasser; General Rules of Contracts, Volume 3, Tehran, Anteshar Co., Third Edition, 1994.
Katozian, Nasser; General Rules of Contracts, Volume 2, Tehran, Anteshar Co., Third Edition, 1992.
Mohaghegh Damad, Mostafa, Rules of Jurisprudence (Civil Section 2), Tehran, Samat Publications, First Edition, 2000.
Akhlaqi, Behrooz. Imam, Farhad, Principles of International Trade Contracts, Tehran, Shahr-e Danesh, 2014.
Sharifi, Seyed Elhamuddin. Safaria, Nahida, Comparison of Hardship and Force Majeure Theory in the Principles of Commercial Contract Law, Principles of European Contract Law and Iranian Law, Quarterly Journal of Comparative Law Research, Volume 17, Number 4, Winter 2013.
Katozian, Nasser, Family Law , Bahman Borna Publications, 1996.
Talba, Mahdieh, Ebrahimi, Alireza, Comparison of contract sterilization in common law with force majeure, Rule of hardship and hardship, Journal of Comparative Law, No. 108, Fall and Winter 2017. Pages 195-214
Shaarian, Ebrahim, Jamshid Withdrawal from Borjam and compensation for non-implementation of international trade agreements, Public Law Research, Volume 22, Number 69, Winter 1399, pp. 9-32.
Sharifi, Seyed Elhamuddin, Safari, Nahid, A Comparative Study of the Hardship Effect in the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL, Principles of International Trade Contracts (UNIDROA) and Iranian Law, Mofid Journal, No. 79, September 2010 3_24.
Adel, Morteza, Cairo Power in the 1980 International Sale Convention, Journal of Legal Perspectives, B to
Golshani, Esmat, Hosseini Modarres, Seyed Mehdi, The concept of barrier to granting exemption to the obligee in claims related to sanctions, Legal Journal between International, No. 62, Spring-Summer 1399, pp. 333-350. 257)
Gholami, Vahideh, Aminzadeh, Elham, Active Approach to Countering the Consequences of Economic Sanctions in Trade Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Parliament and Strategy, Year 21, No. 78, Summer 2014, pp. 35-59.
Amini, Mansour, Golshani , Esmat, Hosseini Modarres, Seyed Mehdi, How the French Legal System Deals with the Problem of Fundamental Change of Situation, Pej Quarterly Private Law Review, Volume 9, Number 32, Fall 1399, pp. 131-153.
Golshani, Esmat, Hosseini Modarres, Seyed Mehdi, The right to invoke a reduction in price for the obligee as a result of the imposition of trade sanctions in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Quarterly Journal of Trade Research, No. 96, Fall 2016, pp. 118-97 ).
Izanloo, Mohsen, Hatefi, Ali, Legal review and analysis of the approach and solutions to neutralize economic sanctions in international trade agreements, Public Law Thought, Volume 4, Number 1, 6 in a row, Fall and Winter 2014, pp. 31-48.
Ebrahimi, Seyed Nasrallah, Aviar Hossein, Shadi, The effects of sanctions on the implementation of international trade agreements from the perspective of force majeure, knowledge of civil law, first year, No. 2, autumn and winter 2012, pp. 1-17.
Arabic sources
Ehsaei (Ibn Abi Jumhur), Muhammad, son of the jurisprudential poles on the Imamate religion.
Ameli, Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din al-Makki (the first martyr), Rules and Benefits, Volume One, Qom, Mofid, First Edition, Bita.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, Seyyed Mirza Hassan; Al-Qawaed Al-Fiqhiya, Volume 4, Al-Hadi, First Edition, 1419 AH
Naraghi, Ahmad, Awaid Al-Ayam, Qom, Islamic Propagation Publications, 1417 AH.
ج-لاتـین
Ahmadpour,Ayoub,Economic Hardship in Performance of Contract:A Comparative Study of English,American and German Law and CISG,the UNIDROIT Principle and PECL,Aberdeen Un vesity,2005.
Hillman ,Robert, A court Adjustment of Long Term Contract: An Analysis under Modern Contract Law, Duke Law Journal, 1987,No.36
Mekki, Mustapha, Hardship and Modification (or revision) of the contract, 2010.Available at SSRN: http:/ssrn.com
Markesinis,Basil and others, The German Law of Contract, UK,Hart Publishing, 2nd, 2006
Bund, Jennifer M, Force majeure Clausمes - Drafting Advice for the CISG Commercial Law, Practitioner, Pace Institute of International, 1998.
INCKX, A. H. PUEL, Frustration, Hardship, Force Majeure, Imprévision, Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage, Unmöglichkeit, Changed Circumstances A Comparative study in English, French, German and Japanese Law, 1986.
Perillo, Joseph M, Force Majeure and hardship under the unidroid principle of international commercial contract, Rome, 1996.
C. Tevendale and M. De Brugiere, ‘Contractual Disputes and Practical Implications Arising from Sanctions in the Aftermath of the Arab Springs’, 22 World ecr (2013), p. 2
J. Fisher qc and A. Baradon, ‘Assessing and Managing the Impact of Economic Sanctions on Commercial Contracts’, Practical Law, October 2015.
A. Lazari, ‘Armi da guerra e guerra delle armi: prima condanna italiana per la Ybris di Saddam’, 2 Danno e responsabilità (1997), p. 217.
T.S. Hishoff, J.R. Miller, ‘Force Majeure and Commercial Impracticability: Issues to Consider Before Next Hurricane or Natural Disaster Hits’, 29 Michigan Business Law Journal (2009), p. 17.
McKendrick, Ewan, ‘’ Force Majeure and Frustration of Contract ‘’ , CRC Press, 2013,
Brunner, Christoph, ‘’ Force Majeure and Hardship Under General Contract Principles: Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration ‘’ , Kluwer Law International B.V., 2009 , p 88 .
Sindberg, Kim, ‘’ CoronAdvice: covid-19 from a Trade Finance perspective ‘’ , BoD – Books on Demand, 2020, p 19 .
Mastracci, Marco, ‘’ The International Distribution Agreement: A Practical Approach to Transnational Contracting across the European :union:, the United States and Latin America (2nd edition) ‘’ , Universal-Publishers, 2020 , p 280 .
Hutchison, Andrew and Myburgh, Franziska, ‘’ Research Handbook on International Commercial Contracts ‘’ , Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020, p 121 ,
Arbitration Court of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Budapest, Case No. vb 96074, 10 December 1996.
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar; Legal Terminology, Tehran, Rastad Foundation Publications, First Edition, 1984.
Shahidi, Mahdieh; Works of Contracts and Obligations, Tehran, Majd Publications, Third Edition, 2007.
Sadeghi Moghadam, Mohammad Hassan; Change in the terms of the contract, Tehran, Publications of the Judiciary, first edition, 2000.
Katozian, Nasser; General Rules of Contracts, Volume 3, Tehran, Anteshar Co., Third Edition, 1994.
Katozian, Nasser; General Rules of Contracts, Volume 2, Tehran, Anteshar Co., Third Edition, 1992.
Mohaghegh Damad, Mostafa, Rules of Jurisprudence (Civil Section 2), Tehran, Samat Publications, First Edition, 2000.
Akhlaqi, Behrooz. Imam, Farhad, Principles of International Trade Contracts, Tehran, Shahr-e Danesh, 2014.
Sharifi, Seyed Elhamuddin. Safaria, Nahida, Comparison of Hardship and Force Majeure Theory in the Principles of Commercial Contract Law, Principles of European Contract Law and Iranian Law, Quarterly Journal of Comparative Law Research, Volume 17, Number 4, Winter 2013.
Katozian, Nasser, Family Law , Bahman Borna Publications, 1996.
Talba, Mahdieh, Ebrahimi, Alireza, Comparison of contract sterilization in common law with force majeure, Rule of hardship and hardship, Journal of Comparative Law, No. 108, Fall and Winter 2017. Pages 195-214
Shaarian, Ebrahim, Jamshid Withdrawal from Borjam and compensation for non-implementation of international trade agreements, Public Law Research, Volume 22, Number 69, Winter 1399, pp. 9-32.
Sharifi, Seyed Elhamuddin, Safari, Nahid, A Comparative Study of the Hardship Effect in the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL, Principles of International Trade Contracts (UNIDROA) and Iranian Law, Mofid Journal, No. 79, September 2010 3_24.
Adel, Morteza, Cairo Power in the 1980 International Sale Convention, Journal of Legal Perspectives, B to
Golshani, Esmat, Hosseini Modarres, Seyed Mehdi, The concept of barrier to granting exemption to the obligee in claims related to sanctions, Legal Journal between International, No. 62, Spring-Summer 1399, pp. 333-350. 257)
Gholami, Vahideh, Aminzadeh, Elham, Active Approach to Countering the Consequences of Economic Sanctions in Trade Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Parliament and Strategy, Year 21, No. 78, Summer 2014, pp. 35-59.
Amini, Mansour, Golshani , Esmat, Hosseini Modarres, Seyed Mehdi, How the French Legal System Deals with the Problem of Fundamental Change of Situation, Pej Quarterly Private Law Review, Volume 9, Number 32, Fall 1399, pp. 131-153.
Golshani, Esmat, Hosseini Modarres, Seyed Mehdi, The right to invoke a reduction in price for the obligee as a result of the imposition of trade sanctions in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Quarterly Journal of Trade Research, No. 96, Fall 2016, pp. 118-97 ).
Izanloo, Mohsen, Hatefi, Ali, Legal review and analysis of the approach and solutions to neutralize economic sanctions in international trade agreements, Public Law Thought, Volume 4, Number 1, 6 in a row, Fall and Winter 2014, pp. 31-48.
Ebrahimi, Seyed Nasrallah, Aviar Hossein, Shadi, The effects of sanctions on the implementation of international trade agreements from the perspective of force majeure, knowledge of civil law, first year, No. 2, autumn and winter 2012, pp. 1-17.
Arabic sources
Ehsaei (Ibn Abi Jumhur), Muhammad, son of the jurisprudential poles on the Imamate religion.
Ameli, Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din al-Makki (the first martyr), Rules and Benefits, Volume One, Qom, Mofid, First Edition, Bita.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, Seyyed Mirza Hassan; Al-Qawaed Al-Fiqhiya, Volume 4, Al-Hadi, First Edition, 1419 AH
Naraghi, Ahmad, Awaid Al-Ayam, Qom, Islamic Propagation Publications, 1417 AH.
ج-لاتـین
Ahmadpour,Ayoub,Economic Hardship in Performance of Contract:A Comparative Study of English,American and German Law and CISG,the UNIDROIT Principle and PECL,Aberdeen Un vesity,2005.
Hillman ,Robert, A court Adjustment of Long Term Contract: An Analysis under Modern Contract Law, Duke Law Journal, 1987,No.36
Mekki, Mustapha, Hardship and Modification (or revision) of the contract, 2010.Available at SSRN: http:/ssrn.com
Markesinis,Basil and others, The German Law of Contract, UK,Hart Publishing, 2nd, 2006
Bund, Jennifer M, Force majeure Clausمes - Drafting Advice for the CISG Commercial Law, Practitioner, Pace Institute of International, 1998.
INCKX, A. H. PUEL, Frustration, Hardship, Force Majeure, Imprévision, Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage, Unmöglichkeit, Changed Circumstances A Comparative study in English, French, German and Japanese Law, 1986.
Perillo, Joseph M, Force Majeure and hardship under the unidroid principle of international commercial contract, Rome, 1996.
C. Tevendale and M. De Brugiere, ‘Contractual Disputes and Practical Implications Arising from Sanctions in the Aftermath of the Arab Springs’, 22 World ecr (2013), p. 2
J. Fisher qc and A. Baradon, ‘Assessing and Managing the Impact of Economic Sanctions on Commercial Contracts’, Practical Law, October 2015.
A. Lazari, ‘Armi da guerra e guerra delle armi: prima condanna italiana per la Ybris di Saddam’, 2 Danno e responsabilità (1997), p. 217.
T.S. Hishoff, J.R. Miller, ‘Force Majeure and Commercial Impracticability: Issues to Consider Before Next Hurricane or Natural Disaster Hits’, 29 Michigan Business Law Journal (2009), p. 17.
McKendrick, Ewan, ‘’ Force Majeure and Frustration of Contract ‘’ , CRC Press, 2013,
Brunner, Christoph, ‘’ Force Majeure and Hardship Under General Contract Principles: Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration ‘’ , Kluwer Law International B.V., 2009 , p 88 .
Sindberg, Kim, ‘’ CoronAdvice: covid-19 from a Trade Finance perspective ‘’ , BoD – Books on Demand, 2020, p 19 .
Mastracci, Marco, ‘’ The International Distribution Agreement: A Practical Approach to Transnational Contracting across the European :union:, the United States and Latin America (2nd edition) ‘’ , Universal-Publishers, 2020 , p 280 .
Hutchison, Andrew and Myburgh, Franziska, ‘’ Research Handbook on International Commercial Contracts ‘’ , Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020, p 121 ,
Arbitration Court of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Budapest, Case No. vb 96074, 10 December 1996.
