Comparative Law Researches

Comparative Law Researches

The International Organizations' Activism in Development of Customary International Law

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
Sahar Khoshdel 1
hoorieh HosseiniAkbarnejad 2
1 M.A. Student in International Law, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor in International Law, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
International organizations contribute- as one of the main subjects of international law- to the development of customary international law. This contribution is one of the new topics in contemporary international law. Recently, Internatoonal Law Commission has put this issue on its agenda and drafted conclusions on identification of customary international law. As stipulated in Article 15 of ILC Statute," development" refers to the formation of custom, not its codification. Thus, in this research, by using the term "development", the author intends to address the role of international organizations as law makers. The principal problem of this research is the ambiguities in the approach adobted by the Internation Law Commission on the role of international organization in development of customary international law. In this regard, Article 4(2) of the draft conclusion has provided that: " In certain cases the pratice of international organizations contributed to the formation of the rules of customary internatial law." This can occur where members states have not transferred exclusive competences, burt have conferred competences upon the international organization that are functionally equivalent to the powers exercised by states. Although the commission has not rejected the role of organozations in the development of customary law , it is not clear to what extent the practice of non- state actors is relevent for the identification of customary international law. Hence, in this paper, by using the descrpitive- analytical method, the ways international organizations contribute to the development of international custom has been the main subject of discussion.
Keywords
Development of International Custom
Customary international law
international organizations
International Law Commission

Subjects

1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).







1. بیگ زاده، ابراهیم(1389). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ هشتم، تهران، مجد.
2. زرنشان، شهرام(1392). شکل‌گیری و شناسایی حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، چاپ دوم، تهران، کتابخانه گنج دانش.
3. زمانی، سید قاسم (1396). حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (جلد اول)، چاپ دوم، تهران، موسسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی شهر دانش.
4. ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا(1394). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ پنجاهم، تهران، نشر گنج دانش.
ب)مقالات
موسوی، سید فضل الله(1374). «آیا حقوق بین‌الملل عام، تنها حقوق عرفی است؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 18 و 19، صص،352-341.
2) منابع لاتین
a) Books
1. Cassese, Antonio (1986). International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2. Droubi, Sufyan, & Jean d'Aspremont (Eds.) (2020). International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, Manchester University Press.
3. Heliskoski, Joni (2013). "EU Declarations of Competence and International Responsibility." The International Responsibility of the European :union:, European and International Perspectives. Ed. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos, London, Hart Publishing.
4. Klabbers, Jan (2020), International Law, 3rd Ed, Cambridge University Press.
5. Lepard, Brian D (2010), customary international law : a new theory with practical applications, Cambridge University Press.
6. Shaw, Malcom. N (2008), International law, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Zimmermann, Andreas, Christian J. Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (2006). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
b) Articles
1. Blokker, Niels (2017), "International Organizations and Customary International Law, Is the International Law Commission Taking International Organizations Seriously?" , International Organizations Law Reiview14, 1-12.
2. Daugridas, Kristina (2020), "International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law", Ejil, VOL. 31, NO.1, pp. 201-233.
3. Odermatt, Jed (2014), "The Court of Justice of the European :union:: International or Domestic Court?", 3 CJICL.
4. Odermatt, Jed (2017), "The Development of Customary International Law dy International Organizations", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(2), 491-511.
5. Vanhamme, Jan (2008), "Formation and Enforcement of Customary International Law: The European :union:’s Contribution", 29 NYIL.
C) Cases
1. ICJ, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 28 May 1951.
2. ICJ, Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 20 November 1950.
3. ICJ, Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.
4. ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights, Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Judgment on the merits, ICGJ 421 (ICJ 2009), 13th July 2009.
5. ICJ, Fisheries case, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, 18 December 1951.
6. ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974.
7. ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
8. ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8 July 1996.
9. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports, 1986.
10. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 20 February 1969.
11. ICJ, Nottebohm case (2nd phase), ICJ Rep. 1955.
12. ICJ, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Portugal v India, Merits, Judgment, [1960] ICJ Rep 6, ICGJ 174 (ICJ 1960), 12th April 1960.
13. P.C.I.J, S.S. Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 7 Sept 1927.
d) Documents
1. American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law, Third, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute Publishers 1987) Section102 (Sources of International Law) Reporters’ Notes 2.
2. ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, 15.
3. ILC, Comments and Observations Received from Governments,70th session, 2018, P.19-20.
4. ILC, Third Report on Identification of Customary International Law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission Sixty-seventh session, Geneva, (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2015), Un Doc A/CN.4/682, (‘Third Report’), para 72.
5. International Law Association, ILA Final Report of the Committee, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law. London Conference, 2000.
6. Michael Wood (Special Rapporteur), Fifth Rep. on Identification of Customary International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/717 t paras. 36-37.
7. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 July 1998, Art.21 (2);
8. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 794 (1992) [Somalia], 3 December 1992, S/RES/794, 1992.
9. United Nations, 23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331.
10. United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, art. 24, para. 1.
11. United Nations, Report of the Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification on the Methods for Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Eventual Codification’ (18 July 1947) UN Doc A/331, para 10.
12. United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946, Art.38 (d).