هم‌افزایی دادگاههای تجاری بین المللی و داوری تجاری بین-المللی در مناطق ویژه اقتصادی
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)
چکیده
با تأسیس و توسعه مناطق ویژه اقتصادی، بروز اختلافات تجاری بینالمللی روند افزایشی داشته و تمرکز بر شیوههای حقوقی حلوفصل اختلافات مذکور، بخشی از استراتژی دولتهای ذی‌ربط بوده است. داوری تجاری بینالمللی به‌عنوان یک شیوه مرسوم و مقبول حلوفصل اختلافات در مناطق ویژه اقتصادی است. با این وجود برخی دولتها بنا بر ضرورتهای عملی، در دو دهه اخیر، اقدام به تأسیس دادگاههای تجاری بینالمللی در این مناطق نمودهاند. برخی ویژگی‌های دادگاههای تجاری بینالمللی که الگوبرداری از قواعد و شیوههای داوری بینالمللی است، عبارتند از: انعطاف‌پذیری بیشتر در رسیدگی‌ها، امکان انتصاب قضات با ملیت خارجی، اجازه حضور وکلای خارجی در دادگاه، اجازه طرفین برای توافق بر انجام رسیدگیهای خصوصی و گسترش قابلیت اجرای احکام. همچنین برخی خلأهای داوری تجاری بینالمللی که تا حدودی در دادگاههای تجاری بینالمللی تعدیل گردیده، عبارت است از: امکان ورود ثالث، افزایش سرعت رسیدگی و استقلال و بی‌طرفی مرجع رسیدگی‌کننده. به لحاظ عملی نیز شاهد رابطه تعاملی دوسویه میان این دو نهاد هستیم؛ زیرا از یک‌سو، داوری تجاری بینالمللی نقش مهمی در تأسیس دادگاههای تجاری بینالمللی چه در اروپا و چه در آسیا داشته است و از سوی دیگر، دادگاههای تجاری بینالمللی نیز نقش فزایندهای در رسیدگیهای داوری ایفا میکنند و برای انجام و توسعه فرایند داوری و یا تضمین اجرای آرای داوری مساعدت قضایی ارائه میدهند. با توجه به چشمانداز عملکرد دادگاههای تجاری بینالمللی، مطالعه تطبیقی آن‌ها در جهت ارائه الگویی مطلوب و متناسب با مقتضیات هر کشور اقدامی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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3. Georgios Dimitropoulos, International Commercial Courts in the ‘Modern Law of Nature’: Adjudicatory Unilateralism in Special Economic Zones, Journal of International Economic Law, 2021, 24, 361–379.
4. Chaisse, Julien and Ji Xueliang, “The Pervasive Problem of Special Economic Zones for International Economic Law: Tax, Investment, and Trade”, World Trade Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2020, pp. 567 – 588.
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7. Yip, Man, “The Resolution of Disputes Before the Singapore International Commercial Court”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2, 2016, pp 439-473.
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10. Guo, Zhengxin and Yip, Man, “Comparing the International Commercial Courts of China with the Singapore International Commercial Court”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly , Vol. 68 , No. 4 , 2019 , pp. 903 – 942.
11. Antonopoulou, Georgia, “The ‘Arbitralization’ of Courts: The Role of International Commercial Arbitration in the Establishment and the Procedural Design of International Commercial Courts”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 2023, pp. 1–22.
12. Chaisse, Julien and Qian, Xu, “Conservative Innovation: The Ambiguities of the China International Commercial Court”, American Journal of International Law Unbound, Vol. 115, 2021, pp. 17-21 .
13. Blanke, Gordon, “Free Zone Arbitration inthe United Arab Emirates: DIFC v. ADGM: (Part I)”, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol. 35, No. 5, 2018, pp. 541 – 573.
14. Zain Sharar, Michael Earley, “The Qatar International Court: Judicial Updates”, The MENA Business Law Review 2018, pp. 46-50
15. Zeng, Douglas Zhihua,. “How do special economic zones and industrial clusters drive China’s rapid development?” Policy Research Working Paper 5583, World Bank, Washington, 2011, DC. DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5583
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17. UNCTAD, Global Investment Trend Monitor, No. 38 (UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/INF/2021/1), 24 January 2021
18. Otobe, Naoko ‘Export-Led Development, Employment and Gender inthe era of Globalization’, Employment Working Paper No. 197 (ILO, Geneva, 2015).
19. Koste, Harold and Obe, Mark Beer, “The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Courts: a specialised commercial Court in the Middle East”, 2018, Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3237126
20. Saito, Akira, “International Commercial Arbitration and International Commercial Courts: Towards a Competitive and Cooperative Relationship” In: Harmonising Trade Law to Enable Private Sector Regional Development, New Zealand Association of Comparative Law, Volume XX, 2016, pp. 33-57.
