غیرعلنی بودن دادرسی کیفری کودکان و نوجوانان در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر (با نگاهی به نظام دادرسی کیفری ایران)
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد چالوس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، چالوس، ایران.
2
دانشیار، گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
3
دانش آموخته دکترای حقوق جزا و جرم‌‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
با توجه به آسیب‌پذیری شخصیت کودک یا نوجوانِ متهم به نقض قوانین کیفری و به‌منظور پرهیز از نهادینه‌شدن بزهکاری در وی در اثر برچسب‌زنی، اعتقاد بر این است که باید در رسیدگی به اتهام او از تدابیر افتراقی بهره گرفت؛ بر این مبنا، بهرغم آنکه اصل دادرسی علنی مشتمل بر دو مؤلفه «برگزاری جلسات رسیدگی بهصورت علنی» و «علنی بودن احکام»، در پرتو مقررات عام کیفری به‌عنوان اصلی بنیادین در جهت تضمین شفافیت فرایند رسیدگی به شمار میرود، عدالت برای کودکان و نوجوانان اقتضا دارد تا تعدیل اصل مزبور از طریق برگزاری غیرعلنی جلسات رسیدگی به اتهام کودکان و نوجوانان در عین انتشار عمومی احکام آن‌ها، در شمار تضمینهای دادرسی منصفانه برای آنان محسوب گردد. یافتهها و نتایج پژوهشِ حاضر که با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به انجام رسیده است، نمایانگر آن است که در نظام بینالمللی حقوق بشر، اغلب از طریق اسناد حقوق بشری و بهویژه نهادهای قضایی و نظارتی آن‌ها، سازوکارهای مشخصی در رابطه با غیرعلنی بودن دادرسی کیفری کودکان و نوجوانان و برگزاری جلسه رسیدگی بدون حضور مردم و رسانهها در محاکم ملّی در نظر گرفته شده است؛ تدابیری که ضمن حفظ حریم خصوصی کودکان و نوجوانان و پرهیز از الصاق برچسب مجرمانه به این قشر، زمینه را برای مشارکت مؤثر آن‌ها در دادرسی‌های کیفری فراهم می‌نماید. بااینحال، در انتشار و دسترس‌پذیری آرای صادرشده از دادگاههای ویژه کودکان و نوجوانان، اصل علنی‌بودن احکام با رعایت اصل گمنامی مورد پذیرش نظام بینالمللی حقوق بشر قرار گرفته است. در نظام دادرسی کیفری ایران، بهرغم اینکه انتشار عمومی احکام دادگاههای اطفال و نوجوانان با رعایت گمنامی و حریم خصوصی آن‌ها، تنها در یک دستورالعمل قضایی و نه در قانون پیش‌بینی شده است، میتوان اذعان نمود که رویکرد قانون‌گذار در خصوص غیرعلنی بودن دادرسی کیفری اطفال و نوجوانان و همچنین مستثنی‌نمودن والدین و سرپرستانِ قانونی از این قاعده و اقدامات صورتگرفته ناظر بر مشارکت آن‌ها در جلسات دادرسیِ این گروه از متهمان، تا حدود زیادی همسو و منطبق با نظام بینالمللی حقوق بشر میباشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
Reference
Farsi & English
A) Books
1. Clooney, Amal and Webb, Philippa (2022). The Right to a Fair Trial under Article 14 of the ICCPR, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Engstrom, Par (2019). The Inter-American Human Rights System: Impact Beyond Compliance, 1st Ed, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
3. Farrington, David and Welch, Brandon (2022). Prevention of Delinquency in Children and Adolescents (Developmental Crime Prevention), Translate by: Seyyed Ali Heydari, 1st Ed, Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
4. Ghari Seyyed Fatemi, Seyyed Mohammad (2023). Contemporary Human Rights (Analytical Essays on Rights and Freedoms), 6th Ed, Tehran: Shahr-e Danesh, Volume 2. (In Persian)
5. Goldson, Barry (2018). Juvenile Justice in Europe: Past, Present and Future, 1st Ed, London: Routledge.
6. Kfoury, Pual (2023). Children before the court: Reflections on legal issues affecting minors, 4th Ed, Massachusetts: Butterworth Legal Publishers.
7. Micus, Annelen (2015). The Inter-American Human Rights System as a Safeguard for Justice in National Transitions, 2nd Ed, Boston: Brill Hijhoff.
8. Moazenzadegan, Hasan-Ali (2023). Criminal Procedure for Children and Juveniles, 1st Ed, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
9. Moazenzadegan, Hasan-Ali (2018). “Children and Juveniles in conflict with the law and social reactions”, In: Criminal Sciencec (Essays in Honor of Professor Mohammad Ashouri), 7th Ed, Tehran: Samt, PP. 122-158. (In Persian)
10. Najaf Abranabadi, Ali-Hossein (2022). “An Introduction to Populist Criminal Policy” and “About Differential Criminal Policy”, The Preface of the Third and Fourth Edition in: Lazerges, Christian, Introduction to Criminal Policy, Translate by: Ali-Hossein Najaf Abranabadi, 10th Ed, Tehran: Mizan, PP: 41-63. (In Persian)
11. Niazpour, Amir-Hassan (2022). Juvenile Penal Law (The Process of Responding to the Delinquency of Children and Juvenile)s, 3rd Ed, Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
12. Schabas, William (2019). UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 3rd Ed, Kehl, Germany: N.P. Engel.
13. Vandenhole, Wouter and Others (2021). Children’s Rights: A Commentary on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Protocols (Elgar Commentaries in Human Rights series), 1st Ed, Camberley: Edward Elgar Publishing.
14. Van Dijk, Pieter and Others (2018). Theory and Practice of European Convention on Human Rights, 5th Ed, Cambridge: Intersentia.
15. Williams, Frank and McShane, Marilyn (2019). Criminological Theory, Translate by: Hamid-Reza Malekmohammadi, 7th Ed, Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
B) Articles
16. Ansari, Bagher (2011). “Comparative Study of the Media Access to Judicial Proceeding and Information”, Public Law Research, Vol.13, No.35 , PP.269-308. (In Persian)
17. Bosland, Jason and Gill, Jonathan (2014). “The Principle of Open Justice and the Judicial Duty to Give Public Resons”, Melbourne University law Review, Vol.38, No.2, PP.471-595.
18. Farajiha, Mohammad and Moghadasi, Mohammad-Bagher (2011). “Criminal Populist Approach to Juvenile and Youth Criminal Justice; Comparative Study”, Criminal Law Doctrines, Vol. 7, No.14, PP.3-28. (In Persian)
19. Gholami, Hossein (2014). “Patterns or types of juvenile criminal justice”, Criminal Law Doctrines, Vol.10 , No.6 , PP.89-106. (In Persian)
20. Heidari, Masoud (2016). “Comparative Assessment of Penal Responsibility Age, According to Islamic Jurisprudence, International Documents and Islamic Penal Code 2013”, Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law, Vol.3 , No.1, PP.91-114. (In Persian)
21. Lee, Sou and Bubolz, Bryan (2020). “The Gang Member Stands Out: Stigma as a Residual Consequence of Gang Involvement”, Criminal Justice Review, Vol.45, No.1, PP.64-83.
22. Khaleghi, Ali (2009). “Publishing Picture of Accused in Newspapers: A Legal Reflection”, Legal Research, Vol.8, No.15, PP.13-26. (In Persian)
23. Mehra, Nasrin (2020). “Differentiation of Juvenile Judicial Protocols in Iran”, Police International Studies Journal, Vol.11, No.41, PP.54-75. (In Persian)
24. Mehra, Nasrin and Gholipour, Gholam-Reza (2021). “Fair Trial Partial Constitutionalization in the Mashruteh Constitution”, Criminal Law Research, Vol.9, No.34, PP. 63-97. (In Persian)
25. Niazpour, Amir-Hassan (2013). “Criminological Analysis of Iranian Civil Code in Family Rules”, Family Research, Vol.9 , No.2 , PP.255-269. (In Persian)
26. Nicholls, Jesse (2017). “Open Justice and Developments in the Law on Anonymity; Access to Material on the Court file and Reporting Restrictions”, Doughty Street Chambers, Vol.23, No.3, PP.1-32.
27. Radić, Ivana (2020). “Importance of the Protection of Privacy of Juvenile Suspects or Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings in the Context of the EU Law”, EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC), Vol.4, No.1, PP.576–597.
28. Shamloo, Bagher and Hoseini, Ensie (2021). “The Right to Mental Health of Juvenile Delinquent In The Light Of Differential Criminal Justice”, Legal Research Quarterly, Vol.23 , No.92, PP.71-96. (In Persian)
29. Shamloo, Bagher and Shahram Mohammadi (2012). “Violation of Impartiality and Lack of Independence of the Judge; A Manifestation of the Act of Disrupting a Fair Trial”, Legal Research Quarterly, Vol.14 , Special No.6 , PP.93-136. (In Persian)
30. Webb, Patrick (2008). “Privacy or Publicity: Media Coverage and Juvenile Proceedings in the United States”, International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, Vol.3, No.1, PP.1-14.
C) Cases and Reports
31. CRC, General Comment No.24, On Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System (CRC/C/GC/24), 2019.
32. CRC, General Comment No.12, The Right of the Child to Be Heard (CRC/C/GC/12), 2009.
33. CRC, Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Final Observations: Colombia (CRC/C/COL/CO/3), 2006.
34. Directive EU 2016/800, On Procedural Safeguards for Children Who Are Suspects or Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings, 2016.
35. ECtHR, Coselav v. Turkey (No.1413/07), 2012.
36. ECtHR, Rostomashvili v. Georgia (No.13185/07), 2018.
37. ECtHR, T v. United Kingdom (No.24724/94), 1999.
38. ECtHR, Tierce and Others v. San Marino (No.24954/94), 2000.
39. ECtHR, V v. The United Kingdom (No.24888/94), 1999.
40. HRC, Francis v. Jamaica (No.320/1988), 1993.
41. HRC, General Comment, No.32 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32), 2007.
42. IACtHR, Advisory Opinion (OC‐17/2002), Juridical Condition and Human Rights of the Child, 2002.
43. IACtHR, Argüelles et al v. Argentina (No.12.167), 2011.
44. IACtHR, Asto and Rojas v. Peru (No.137), 2005.
45. IACtHR, Bulacio v. Argentina (No.100), 2003.
46. IACtHR, The Juvenile Re‐education Institute v. Paraguay (No.112), 2004.
47. IACtHR, The “Street Children” v. Guatemala (No.63), 1999.
48. IACtHR, Report on Juvenile Justice and Human Rights in the Americas (OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.78), 2011.
49. IACtHR, Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Colombia (OEA/Ser.L/V.II. 84, Doc.39 Rev) 1993.
50. IACtHR, The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community Case (No.79), 2001.
E) Documents
51. American Convention on Human Rights (1969).
52. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
53. European Convention on Human Rights (1950).
54. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
55. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines) (1990).
56. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) (1985).
D) Website
57. Long, Cindy, “The Secret of Sexual Assault in Schools”, 12 April 2017, Available at: https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/secret-sexual-assault-schools [Last Accessed: 2 January 2024].
58. Sukhov, Oleg, “First-Ever School Shooting Prompts Debate on Security”, 3 February 2014, Available at: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/first-ever-school-shooting-prompts-debate-on-security [Last Accessed: 2 January 2024].
Farsi & English
A) Books
1. Clooney, Amal and Webb, Philippa (2022). The Right to a Fair Trial under Article 14 of the ICCPR, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Engstrom, Par (2019). The Inter-American Human Rights System: Impact Beyond Compliance, 1st Ed, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
3. Farrington, David and Welch, Brandon (2022). Prevention of Delinquency in Children and Adolescents (Developmental Crime Prevention), Translate by: Seyyed Ali Heydari, 1st Ed, Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
4. Ghari Seyyed Fatemi, Seyyed Mohammad (2023). Contemporary Human Rights (Analytical Essays on Rights and Freedoms), 6th Ed, Tehran: Shahr-e Danesh, Volume 2. (In Persian)
5. Goldson, Barry (2018). Juvenile Justice in Europe: Past, Present and Future, 1st Ed, London: Routledge.
6. Kfoury, Pual (2023). Children before the court: Reflections on legal issues affecting minors, 4th Ed, Massachusetts: Butterworth Legal Publishers.
7. Micus, Annelen (2015). The Inter-American Human Rights System as a Safeguard for Justice in National Transitions, 2nd Ed, Boston: Brill Hijhoff.
8. Moazenzadegan, Hasan-Ali (2023). Criminal Procedure for Children and Juveniles, 1st Ed, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
9. Moazenzadegan, Hasan-Ali (2018). “Children and Juveniles in conflict with the law and social reactions”, In: Criminal Sciencec (Essays in Honor of Professor Mohammad Ashouri), 7th Ed, Tehran: Samt, PP. 122-158. (In Persian)
10. Najaf Abranabadi, Ali-Hossein (2022). “An Introduction to Populist Criminal Policy” and “About Differential Criminal Policy”, The Preface of the Third and Fourth Edition in: Lazerges, Christian, Introduction to Criminal Policy, Translate by: Ali-Hossein Najaf Abranabadi, 10th Ed, Tehran: Mizan, PP: 41-63. (In Persian)
11. Niazpour, Amir-Hassan (2022). Juvenile Penal Law (The Process of Responding to the Delinquency of Children and Juvenile)s, 3rd Ed, Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
12. Schabas, William (2019). UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 3rd Ed, Kehl, Germany: N.P. Engel.
13. Vandenhole, Wouter and Others (2021). Children’s Rights: A Commentary on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Protocols (Elgar Commentaries in Human Rights series), 1st Ed, Camberley: Edward Elgar Publishing.
14. Van Dijk, Pieter and Others (2018). Theory and Practice of European Convention on Human Rights, 5th Ed, Cambridge: Intersentia.
15. Williams, Frank and McShane, Marilyn (2019). Criminological Theory, Translate by: Hamid-Reza Malekmohammadi, 7th Ed, Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
B) Articles
16. Ansari, Bagher (2011). “Comparative Study of the Media Access to Judicial Proceeding and Information”, Public Law Research, Vol.13, No.35 , PP.269-308. (In Persian)
17. Bosland, Jason and Gill, Jonathan (2014). “The Principle of Open Justice and the Judicial Duty to Give Public Resons”, Melbourne University law Review, Vol.38, No.2, PP.471-595.
18. Farajiha, Mohammad and Moghadasi, Mohammad-Bagher (2011). “Criminal Populist Approach to Juvenile and Youth Criminal Justice; Comparative Study”, Criminal Law Doctrines, Vol. 7, No.14, PP.3-28. (In Persian)
19. Gholami, Hossein (2014). “Patterns or types of juvenile criminal justice”, Criminal Law Doctrines, Vol.10 , No.6 , PP.89-106. (In Persian)
20. Heidari, Masoud (2016). “Comparative Assessment of Penal Responsibility Age, According to Islamic Jurisprudence, International Documents and Islamic Penal Code 2013”, Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law, Vol.3 , No.1, PP.91-114. (In Persian)
21. Lee, Sou and Bubolz, Bryan (2020). “The Gang Member Stands Out: Stigma as a Residual Consequence of Gang Involvement”, Criminal Justice Review, Vol.45, No.1, PP.64-83.
22. Khaleghi, Ali (2009). “Publishing Picture of Accused in Newspapers: A Legal Reflection”, Legal Research, Vol.8, No.15, PP.13-26. (In Persian)
23. Mehra, Nasrin (2020). “Differentiation of Juvenile Judicial Protocols in Iran”, Police International Studies Journal, Vol.11, No.41, PP.54-75. (In Persian)
24. Mehra, Nasrin and Gholipour, Gholam-Reza (2021). “Fair Trial Partial Constitutionalization in the Mashruteh Constitution”, Criminal Law Research, Vol.9, No.34, PP. 63-97. (In Persian)
25. Niazpour, Amir-Hassan (2013). “Criminological Analysis of Iranian Civil Code in Family Rules”, Family Research, Vol.9 , No.2 , PP.255-269. (In Persian)
26. Nicholls, Jesse (2017). “Open Justice and Developments in the Law on Anonymity; Access to Material on the Court file and Reporting Restrictions”, Doughty Street Chambers, Vol.23, No.3, PP.1-32.
27. Radić, Ivana (2020). “Importance of the Protection of Privacy of Juvenile Suspects or Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings in the Context of the EU Law”, EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC), Vol.4, No.1, PP.576–597.
28. Shamloo, Bagher and Hoseini, Ensie (2021). “The Right to Mental Health of Juvenile Delinquent In The Light Of Differential Criminal Justice”, Legal Research Quarterly, Vol.23 , No.92, PP.71-96. (In Persian)
29. Shamloo, Bagher and Shahram Mohammadi (2012). “Violation of Impartiality and Lack of Independence of the Judge; A Manifestation of the Act of Disrupting a Fair Trial”, Legal Research Quarterly, Vol.14 , Special No.6 , PP.93-136. (In Persian)
30. Webb, Patrick (2008). “Privacy or Publicity: Media Coverage and Juvenile Proceedings in the United States”, International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, Vol.3, No.1, PP.1-14.
C) Cases and Reports
31. CRC, General Comment No.24, On Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System (CRC/C/GC/24), 2019.
32. CRC, General Comment No.12, The Right of the Child to Be Heard (CRC/C/GC/12), 2009.
33. CRC, Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Final Observations: Colombia (CRC/C/COL/CO/3), 2006.
34. Directive EU 2016/800, On Procedural Safeguards for Children Who Are Suspects or Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings, 2016.
35. ECtHR, Coselav v. Turkey (No.1413/07), 2012.
36. ECtHR, Rostomashvili v. Georgia (No.13185/07), 2018.
37. ECtHR, T v. United Kingdom (No.24724/94), 1999.
38. ECtHR, Tierce and Others v. San Marino (No.24954/94), 2000.
39. ECtHR, V v. The United Kingdom (No.24888/94), 1999.
40. HRC, Francis v. Jamaica (No.320/1988), 1993.
41. HRC, General Comment, No.32 (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32), 2007.
42. IACtHR, Advisory Opinion (OC‐17/2002), Juridical Condition and Human Rights of the Child, 2002.
43. IACtHR, Argüelles et al v. Argentina (No.12.167), 2011.
44. IACtHR, Asto and Rojas v. Peru (No.137), 2005.
45. IACtHR, Bulacio v. Argentina (No.100), 2003.
46. IACtHR, The Juvenile Re‐education Institute v. Paraguay (No.112), 2004.
47. IACtHR, The “Street Children” v. Guatemala (No.63), 1999.
48. IACtHR, Report on Juvenile Justice and Human Rights in the Americas (OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.78), 2011.
49. IACtHR, Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Colombia (OEA/Ser.L/V.II. 84, Doc.39 Rev) 1993.
50. IACtHR, The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community Case (No.79), 2001.
E) Documents
51. American Convention on Human Rights (1969).
52. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
53. European Convention on Human Rights (1950).
54. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
55. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines) (1990).
56. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) (1985).
D) Website
57. Long, Cindy, “The Secret of Sexual Assault in Schools”, 12 April 2017, Available at: https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/secret-sexual-assault-schools [Last Accessed: 2 January 2024].
58. Sukhov, Oleg, “First-Ever School Shooting Prompts Debate on Security”, 3 February 2014, Available at: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/first-ever-school-shooting-prompts-debate-on-security [Last Accessed: 2 January 2024].
