جایگاه داده‌های باز در حقوق موضوعه جمهوری ترکیه و جمهوری اسلامی ایران
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
2
استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3
دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
چکیده
داده‌های باز، داده‌هایی هستند که از سوی دولت یا نهادهای تحت کنترل دولت تولید یا سفارش داده شده و می‌توانند آزادانه از جانب هر کسی مورد استفاده، کاربرد مجدد و توزیع دوباره قرار گیرند. برای اینکه یک فرد بتواند افکار خود را بیان کند، باید بتواند آزادانه آن‌ها را در معرض دید عموم مردم قرار دهد. وجود قوانین حاکم بر دسترسی به اطلاعات (مانند قانون دسترسی به اطلاعات، قانون حفاظت از داده‌ها و قانون حفاظت از داده‌های شخصی) یکی از شاخص‌های آمادگی برای دولت باز است. باز بودن داده‌ها با شفافیت و پاسخ‌گویی ارتباط وثیق دارد از این رو در کشورهای گوناگون به این مهم توجه شده است. موضوع نوشتار حاضر بررسی جایگاه حقوقی داده‌های باز در جمهوری اسلامی ایران و جمهوری ترکیه است. این جستار به هم‌سنجی حقوق موضوعه ایران و ترکیه در حوزه داده‌های باز پرداخته و در صدد بازنمایی وجوه مشترک و افتراق آن دو و امکان همگرایی حقوقی دو کشور است. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیل محتوای کیفی اسناد این فرضیه را مطرح می‌سازد که هر دو کشور حق بر دسترسی به اطلاعات را با محدودیت‌هایی به رسمیت شناخته‌اند. در نهایت گزاره اساسی این است که در کشورهای مورد مطالعه از آنجایی که قانون آزادی اطلاعات به اندازه کافی نتوانسته است الزامات صریح دولتی را برآورده سازد، لذا درک عمیق و دقیقی از مفهوم داده‌های باز وجود ندارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
1. Ansari, Baqer (2019), The right to access information: freedom of information, first edition, Tehran: Research Institute of Culture, Art and Communication.
2. Beetham, David; Boyle, Kevin (2013), What is Democracy (Getting to Know Democracy), Translated by: Shahram Naqsh Tabrizi, Tehran: Qaqnos.
3. Bahadur, Morteza (2018), "Investigation of legal barriers to transparency in Iran", Knowledge Evaluation Quarterly, Vol. 7(3), pp. 111-121.
4. Suleiman Dehkordi, Elham; Ali, Afrasiabi (2014), "The right to free access to information in the international and national legal system", Promotional Scientific Quarterly of International Police Studies, 6th year, No. 21, pp. 75-100.
5. Alizadeh, Soroush; Tavakoli, Fatemeh (1401), "The right to access information: concept, basics and functions", 10th International Conference on Legal and Judicial Studies, pp. 19-2.
6.Mohseni, Vajiheh; Seyed Mohammad, Hashemi; Mohammad Javad, Javed; Bijan, Abbasi (2018), "Legal analysis of the proportionality of public access to information with the realization of citizenship rights with an emphasis on Iran's legal system", Public Law Research, Vol. 20, No. 62, pp. 321-354.
7. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1358.
8. The Law on Publishing and Free Access to Information of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1387.
9. Methodology for identifying and separating state secrets from public information 2019.
10. National Data and Information Management Law 1401.
11. Civil Service Management Law 1386.
12. Punishment law for publication and disclosure of confidential and secret government documents 1353.
13. The Law of Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology 1383
لاتین
A. Books
14. Banisar, D.(2004), Freedom of information and access to government records laws around the world,Retrieved June 29(2019). from:http://www.freedominfo.org/survey/global_survey2004.pdf
15. Hood, C. (2006).Transparency in historical perspective. In C. Hood & D. Heald(Eds.),Transparency: The key to better governance? Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
16. Mendel, T.(2008),Freedom of information: A comparative legal survey.Paris: UNESCO, Second Edition(2008).
17. Open Data Barometer.(2017). Context and readiness. Retrieved January 1(2019). http://opendatabarometer.org/2ndEdition/analysis/readiness.html
18. The World Bank.(2013).Open data readiness assessment tool. Retrieved January 10(2019). from http://opendatatoolkit.worldbank.org/docs/odra/odra_v2-en.pdf.
B. Articles
19. Akdeniz, Yaman, "Freedom of Information In Turkey:A Critical Assesment of the Implementation and Application of the Turkish Right to Information Act 2003", http://www.bilgiedinmehakki.org/doc/Turkey_FOI_2008_Report.pdf ,(14.02.2010).
20. Cendejas Jauregui, M,(2007),"Historical evolution of the right to information".Comparative Media Law Journal,10,pp:35-61.
21. Civelek,D. & Aşık,Ö.(2011),"Kamu sektörü bilgisinin paylaşımı ve yeniden kullanımı":DPT Çalışma raporu.Ankara:DPT.
22. Durrant,F.(2006),"Openness, access to government information and Caribbean governance",Proceedings of the 2nd First Monday Conference, May 2006, Chicago, /DOI:10.5210/fm.v11i7.1369.
23. EROĞLU,Şahika.(2020),"Regulations on Access to Government Information and Impacts on Open Government: A Case of Turkey", Marmara University Journal of Political Science, Cilt 8, Sayı 1, Mar(2020),PP:2-61. DOI:10.14782/marmarasbd.712293.
24. Karkin, N., & Calhan, H.(2012),"An Interactive e-Participation Model for the Public Administration System in Turkey: SIBIYO".Ege Academic Review,12 (1),PP:105-123.
25. Rabin,Y, & Peled, R.(2011),"The constitutional right to information".Columbia Human Rights Law Review,42,pp:356-401.
26. Shkabatur,Jennifer.(2012),"Transparency With(out) Accountability:Open Government in the United States".Yale Law & Policy Review.31(1),pp:79-140.
27. TESEV ,(2006), "Vatandaşın Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Uluslar arası Konferans Tutanakları".http://www.tesev.org.tr/UD_OBJS/PDF/.../bilgi_edinme_hakki_kitap.pdf,(10.01.2010).
28. "The Law Related to the Establishment Council of Ethics for Public Service and Making Modifications on Some Laws No.(2004)".Republic of Turkey Official Journal, No:5176,8 June(2004).
29. "The Law Relating the Amendment and Adoption of the Law Relating Destroying Documents and Supplies No Longer Used.(1988)".Republic of Turkey Official Journal,No:3473,29 September(1988).
30. Türkiye Bilişim Derneği.(2016),"Kamu verisinin paylaşımı politika ve mevzuatı çalışma grubu: kamu verisinin", paylaşımı politika ve mevzuatı raporu. Ankara: Türkiye Bilişim Derneği.
31. UÇAR KOCAOĞLU, Belgin,(2015),"RIGHT TO INFORMATION IN TURKEY IN THE SCOPE OF ACCONTABILITY", Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Haziran, Cilt 15 Sayı 1,pp:1-15.
32. Winkler. S.(2012),"Open Records Laws:A state by state report:National assocation of counties",Washington The National Association of Countie.
33. Yu,H.M. and Robinson, D.(2012), "The New ambiguity of open government", UCLA Law Review Discourse, 59(178), PP:179-208.
34. Zuiderwijk, Anneke & Janssen Marijn؛ Choenni, Sunil؛ Meijer, Ronald؛ Alibaks, Sheikh R.(2012),"Socio- technical Impediments Of Open Data".Electronic Journal of e_Governmente,10(2), PP:156-172.
C. Laws
35. Constitution of the Republic of Turkey,1982 As amended on July 23(1995).
36. The Law on Personal Data Protection Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2017).
37. The Swedish Freedom of Print Act of(1776)
38. Law the Court of Accounts Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(1862).
39. Law Related to the Establishment Council of Ethics for Public Service Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2004).
40. Law the Control of Public Financial Management Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2003).
41. Ministry of Development, 2013; Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs, and Communications,(2016).
42. Ministry of Development, 2013;Open Government Partnership (2017).What is the open government partnership. Retrieved February 20(2019).From:http://www.opengovpartnership.org.
43. ROT Constitution(Right to Information, Right to the Protection of Personal Data, Right to Petition) updated in(2010).
2. Beetham, David; Boyle, Kevin (2013), What is Democracy (Getting to Know Democracy), Translated by: Shahram Naqsh Tabrizi, Tehran: Qaqnos.
3. Bahadur, Morteza (2018), "Investigation of legal barriers to transparency in Iran", Knowledge Evaluation Quarterly, Vol. 7(3), pp. 111-121.
4. Suleiman Dehkordi, Elham; Ali, Afrasiabi (2014), "The right to free access to information in the international and national legal system", Promotional Scientific Quarterly of International Police Studies, 6th year, No. 21, pp. 75-100.
5. Alizadeh, Soroush; Tavakoli, Fatemeh (1401), "The right to access information: concept, basics and functions", 10th International Conference on Legal and Judicial Studies, pp. 19-2.
6.Mohseni, Vajiheh; Seyed Mohammad, Hashemi; Mohammad Javad, Javed; Bijan, Abbasi (2018), "Legal analysis of the proportionality of public access to information with the realization of citizenship rights with an emphasis on Iran's legal system", Public Law Research, Vol. 20, No. 62, pp. 321-354.
7. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1358.
8. The Law on Publishing and Free Access to Information of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1387.
9. Methodology for identifying and separating state secrets from public information 2019.
10. National Data and Information Management Law 1401.
11. Civil Service Management Law 1386.
12. Punishment law for publication and disclosure of confidential and secret government documents 1353.
13. The Law of Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology 1383
لاتین
A. Books
14. Banisar, D.(2004), Freedom of information and access to government records laws around the world,Retrieved June 29(2019). from:http://www.freedominfo.org/survey/global_survey2004.pdf
15. Hood, C. (2006).Transparency in historical perspective. In C. Hood & D. Heald(Eds.),Transparency: The key to better governance? Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
16. Mendel, T.(2008),Freedom of information: A comparative legal survey.Paris: UNESCO, Second Edition(2008).
17. Open Data Barometer.(2017). Context and readiness. Retrieved January 1(2019). http://opendatabarometer.org/2ndEdition/analysis/readiness.html
18. The World Bank.(2013).Open data readiness assessment tool. Retrieved January 10(2019). from http://opendatatoolkit.worldbank.org/docs/odra/odra_v2-en.pdf.
B. Articles
19. Akdeniz, Yaman, "Freedom of Information In Turkey:A Critical Assesment of the Implementation and Application of the Turkish Right to Information Act 2003", http://www.bilgiedinmehakki.org/doc/Turkey_FOI_2008_Report.pdf ,(14.02.2010).
20. Cendejas Jauregui, M,(2007),"Historical evolution of the right to information".Comparative Media Law Journal,10,pp:35-61.
21. Civelek,D. & Aşık,Ö.(2011),"Kamu sektörü bilgisinin paylaşımı ve yeniden kullanımı":DPT Çalışma raporu.Ankara:DPT.
22. Durrant,F.(2006),"Openness, access to government information and Caribbean governance",Proceedings of the 2nd First Monday Conference, May 2006, Chicago, /DOI:10.5210/fm.v11i7.1369.
23. EROĞLU,Şahika.(2020),"Regulations on Access to Government Information and Impacts on Open Government: A Case of Turkey", Marmara University Journal of Political Science, Cilt 8, Sayı 1, Mar(2020),PP:2-61. DOI:10.14782/marmarasbd.712293.
24. Karkin, N., & Calhan, H.(2012),"An Interactive e-Participation Model for the Public Administration System in Turkey: SIBIYO".Ege Academic Review,12 (1),PP:105-123.
25. Rabin,Y, & Peled, R.(2011),"The constitutional right to information".Columbia Human Rights Law Review,42,pp:356-401.
26. Shkabatur,Jennifer.(2012),"Transparency With(out) Accountability:Open Government in the United States".Yale Law & Policy Review.31(1),pp:79-140.
27. TESEV ,(2006), "Vatandaşın Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Uluslar arası Konferans Tutanakları".http://www.tesev.org.tr/UD_OBJS/PDF/.../bilgi_edinme_hakki_kitap.pdf,(10.01.2010).
28. "The Law Related to the Establishment Council of Ethics for Public Service and Making Modifications on Some Laws No.(2004)".Republic of Turkey Official Journal, No:5176,8 June(2004).
29. "The Law Relating the Amendment and Adoption of the Law Relating Destroying Documents and Supplies No Longer Used.(1988)".Republic of Turkey Official Journal,No:3473,29 September(1988).
30. Türkiye Bilişim Derneği.(2016),"Kamu verisinin paylaşımı politika ve mevzuatı çalışma grubu: kamu verisinin", paylaşımı politika ve mevzuatı raporu. Ankara: Türkiye Bilişim Derneği.
31. UÇAR KOCAOĞLU, Belgin,(2015),"RIGHT TO INFORMATION IN TURKEY IN THE SCOPE OF ACCONTABILITY", Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Haziran, Cilt 15 Sayı 1,pp:1-15.
32. Winkler. S.(2012),"Open Records Laws:A state by state report:National assocation of counties",Washington The National Association of Countie.
33. Yu,H.M. and Robinson, D.(2012), "The New ambiguity of open government", UCLA Law Review Discourse, 59(178), PP:179-208.
34. Zuiderwijk, Anneke & Janssen Marijn؛ Choenni, Sunil؛ Meijer, Ronald؛ Alibaks, Sheikh R.(2012),"Socio- technical Impediments Of Open Data".Electronic Journal of e_Governmente,10(2), PP:156-172.
C. Laws
35. Constitution of the Republic of Turkey,1982 As amended on July 23(1995).
36. The Law on Personal Data Protection Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2017).
37. The Swedish Freedom of Print Act of(1776)
38. Law the Court of Accounts Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(1862).
39. Law Related to the Establishment Council of Ethics for Public Service Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2004).
40. Law the Control of Public Financial Management Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2003).
41. Ministry of Development, 2013; Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs, and Communications,(2016).
42. Ministry of Development, 2013;Open Government Partnership (2017).What is the open government partnership. Retrieved February 20(2019).From:http://www.opengovpartnership.org.
43. ROT Constitution(Right to Information, Right to the Protection of Personal Data, Right to Petition) updated in(2010).
