Comparative Law Researches

Comparative Law Researches

The Status of Open Data in the Statute Law of the Republic of Türkiye and the Islamic Republic of Iran

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
fatemeh jangjooi kheljan 1
SeyedHossein Malakooti Hashjin 2
Mohammad Mazhari 3
Ayat Mulaee 4
1 Ph.D. Student in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
3 Associate Professor in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
4 Associate Professor in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz,Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Open data are data produced or recomended by the government or institutions which are under government control, and can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone. For the purpose of a person to be able to express his thoughts, he must be able to freely expose them to the public. The existence of laws governing access to information (such as: The Access to Information Act, The Data Protection Act and The personal data protection Act) is one of the indicators of readiness for open government.The openness of data is closely related to transparency and accountability, therefore, attention has been paid to this issue in various countries. The subject of this article is to investigate the legal status of open data in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey. This essay compares the subject laws of Iran and Turkey in the field of open data and aims to represent the commonalities and differences between the two countries and the possibility of legal convergence of them.The present study, by the descriptive method and the qualitative content analysis of the documents, proposes the hypothesis that both countries have recognized the right to access information with limitations. Finally, the main proposition is that in the studied countries, since the law of freedom of information has not been able to meet the explicit requirements of the government, therefore, there is no deep and accurate understanding of the concept of open data.




Keywords
Open Data
Right to Information
Right to Access
Transparency

Subjects

1. Ansari, Baqer (2019), The right to access information: freedom of information, first edition, Tehran: Research Institute of Culture, Art and Communication.
2. Beetham, David; Boyle, Kevin (2013), What is Democracy (Getting to Know Democracy), Translated by: Shahram Naqsh Tabrizi, Tehran: Qaqnos.
3. Bahadur, Morteza (2018), "Investigation of legal barriers to transparency in Iran", Knowledge Evaluation Quarterly, Vol. 7(3), pp. 111-121.
4. Suleiman Dehkordi, Elham; Ali, Afrasiabi (2014), "The right to free access to information in the international and national legal system", Promotional Scientific Quarterly of International Police Studies, 6th year, No. 21, pp. 75-100.
5. Alizadeh, Soroush; Tavakoli, Fatemeh (1401), "The right to access information: concept, basics and functions", 10th International Conference on Legal and Judicial Studies, pp. 19-2.
6.Mohseni, Vajiheh; Seyed Mohammad, Hashemi; Mohammad Javad, Javed; Bijan, Abbasi (2018), "Legal analysis of the proportionality of public access to information with the realization of citizenship rights with an emphasis on Iran's legal system", Public Law Research, Vol. 20, No. 62, pp. 321-354.
7. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1358.
8. The Law on Publishing and Free Access to Information of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1387.
9. Methodology for identifying and separating state secrets from public information 2019.
10. National Data and Information Management Law 1401.
11. Civil Service Management Law 1386.
12. Punishment law for publication and disclosure of confidential and secret government documents 1353.
13. The Law of Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology 1383
لاتین

A. Books
14. Banisar, D.(2004), Freedom of information and access to government records laws around the world,Retrieved June 29(2019). from:http://www.freedominfo.org/survey/global_survey2004.pdf
15. Hood, C. (2006).Transparency in historical perspective. In C. Hood & D. Heald(Eds.),Transparency: The key to better governance? Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
16. Mendel, T.(2008),Freedom of information: A comparative legal survey.Paris: UNESCO, Second Edition(2008).
17. Open Data Barometer.(2017). Context and readiness. Retrieved January 1(2019). http://opendatabarometer.org/2ndEdition/analysis/readiness.html
18. The World Bank.(2013).Open data readiness assessment tool. Retrieved January 10(2019). from http://opendatatoolkit.worldbank.org/docs/odra/odra_v2-en.pdf.
B. Articles
19. Akdeniz, Yaman, "Freedom of Information In Turkey:A Critical Assesment of the Implementation and Application of the Turkish Right to Information Act 2003", http://www.bilgiedinmehakki.org/doc/Turkey_FOI_2008_Report.pdf ,(14.02.2010).
20. Cendejas Jauregui, M,(2007),"Historical evolution of the right to information".Comparative Media Law Journal,10,pp:35-61.
21. Civelek,D. & Aşık,Ö.(2011),"Kamu sektörü bilgisinin paylaşımı ve yeniden kullanımı":DPT Çalışma raporu.Ankara:DPT.
22. Durrant,F.(2006),"Openness, access to government information and Caribbean governance",Proceedings of the 2nd First Monday Conference, May 2006, Chicago, /DOI:10.5210/fm.v11i7.1369.
23. EROĞLU,Şahika.(2020),"Regulations on Access to Government Information and Impacts on Open Government: A Case of Turkey", Marmara University Journal of Political Science, Cilt 8, Sayı 1, Mar(2020),PP:2-61. DOI:10.14782/marmarasbd.712293.
24. Karkin, N., & Calhan, H.(2012),"An Interactive e-Participation Model for the Public Administration System in Turkey: SIBIYO".Ege Academic Review,12 (1),PP:105-123.
25. Rabin,Y, & Peled, R.(2011),"The constitutional right to information".Columbia Human Rights Law Review,42,pp:356-401.
26. Shkabatur,Jennifer.(2012),"Transparency With(out) Accountability:Open Government in the United States".Yale Law & Policy Review.31(1),pp:79-140.
27. TESEV ,(2006), "Vatandaşın Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Uluslar arası Konferans Tutanakları".http://www.tesev.org.tr/UD_OBJS/PDF/.../bilgi_edinme_hakki_kitap.pdf,(10.01.2010).
28. "The Law Related to the Establishment Council of Ethics for Public Service and Making Modifications on Some Laws No.(2004)".Republic of Turkey Official Journal, No:5176,8 June(2004).
29. "The Law Relating the Amendment and Adoption of the Law Relating Destroying Documents and Supplies No Longer Used.(1988)".Republic of Turkey Official Journal,No:3473,29 September(1988).
30. Türkiye Bilişim Derneği.(2016),"Kamu verisinin paylaşımı politika ve mevzuatı çalışma grubu: kamu verisinin", paylaşımı politika ve mevzuatı raporu. Ankara: Türkiye Bilişim Derneği.
31. UÇAR KOCAOĞLU, Belgin,(2015),"RIGHT TO INFORMATION IN TURKEY IN THE SCOPE OF ACCONTABILITY", Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Haziran, Cilt 15 Sayı 1,pp:1-15.
32. Winkler. S.(2012),"Open Records Laws:A state by state report:National assocation of counties",Washington The National Association of Countie.
33. Yu,H.M. and Robinson, D.(2012), "The New ambiguity of open government", UCLA Law Review Discourse, 59(178), PP:179-208.
34. Zuiderwijk, Anneke & Janssen Marijn؛ Choenni, Sunil؛ Meijer, Ronald؛ Alibaks, Sheikh R.(2012),"Socio- technical Impediments Of Open Data".Electronic Journal of e_Governmente,10(2), PP:156-172.
C. Laws
35. Constitution of the Republic of Turkey,1982 As amended on July 23(1995).
36. The Law on Personal Data Protection Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2017).
37. The Swedish Freedom of Print Act of(1776)
38. Law the Court of Accounts Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(1862).
39. Law Related to the Establishment Council of Ethics for Public Service Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2004).
40. Law the Control of Public Financial Management Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(2003).
41. Ministry of Development, 2013; Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs, and Communications,(2016).
42. Ministry of Development, 2013;Open Government Partnership (2017).What is the open government partnership. Retrieved February 20(2019).From:http://www.opengovpartnership.org.
43. ROT Constitution(Right to Information, Right to the Protection of Personal Data, Right to Petition) updated in(2010).