مبانی و مصادیق مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای تأمین‌کننده برق در حقوق ایران و آمریکا
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران
2
دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3
استاد تمام دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با کاربست شیوه کیفی و روش تحلیلی - توصیفی، درصدد انجام مطالعه‌ای تطبیقی و تبیین مبانی و مصادیق مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای تأمین‌کننده برق می‌باشد. یافته‌های این پژوهش مبین آن است که مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای مذکور در ایران و آمریکا در مراحل تولید و انتقال در زمره «اعمال حاکمیتی» و در مرحله توزیع میان مشترکان و مصرف‌کنندگان در زمره «اعمال تصدی‌گری» قلمداد می‌گردد؛ مضافاً اینکه مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای تأمین‌کننده برق، ماهیت «قراردادی و خارج از قرارداد» داشته و هر دو نظام حقوق ایران و آمریکا قائل بر مسئولیت مدنی نهاد تأمین‌کننده برق در مرحله تولید که مسئولیتی مبتنی بر قرارداد است، می‌باشند؛ با این تفاوت که مبنای مسئولیت در این دو نظام حقوقی متفاوت است؛ به طوری که در حقوق ایران این مسئولیت، مبتنی بر «تقصیر» است و خسارات قابل مطالبه ناشی از نقض تعهدات قراردادی، منوط به تصریح طرفین، عرف یا قانون گردیده؛ اما در حقوق آمریکا، مبنای ایجاد مسئولیت قراردادی نهادهای مذکور، «مسئولیت محض» یا مسئولیت بدون تقصیر است و مسئولیت این نهادها صرفاً بر اساس نقض وظیفه تعهد ایجاد می‌شود؛ لذا در این نظام حقوقی به محض احراز تخلف از انجام تعهدات قراردادی، بدون توجه به دلیل نقض یا ارتکاب تقصیر، متعهد مسئول جبران خسارت قرار می‌گیرد. در مرحله توزیع برق نیز، در نظام حقوقی ایران، می‌توان به مسئولیت ناشی از عدم مراقبت و نگهداری از تأسیسات و تجهیزات انتقال و توزیع برق به مشترکان و نیز مسئولیت ناشی از اهمال و کوتاهی در تدابیر پیشگیرانه اشاره نمود که عامل «تقصیر» بر احراز مسئولیت مدنی برای نهادهای تأمین‌کننده مذکور نقش اساسی و کلیدی دارد؛ اما در نظام حقوقی آمریکا، موارد بسیار محدودی را می‌توان یافت که در این مرحله، مسئولیت مدنی برای نهادهای مذکور قابل طرح باشد و اساساً احراز مسئولیت مدنی در این مرحله بسیار دشوار است و این امر به واسطه سازِکارهایی می‌باشد که در این کشور در راستای رعایت استاندارهای انتقال و توزیع برق، تقسیم مسئولیت و دخیل دانستن مصرف‌کنندگان و مشترکان در خسارات احتمالی اعمال می‌گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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Farhadi, Maryam (2016). Comparative review of consumer protection laws with French law, Isfahan University Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics Journal, 19 (4): 24-47. (in Persian).
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Heisse, John R. (2011). The Measure of Malpractice—A Rebuttal to the “Threshold Approach, to Evaluating Errors in Design”, Journal of the ACCL.
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Hosseini Nejad, Hossein Qoli (2009). Civil responsibility, Tehran, Majd publications. (in Persian).
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Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (2013). Expanded on Legal Terminology, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Library. (in Persian).
Keating, Gregory C. (2001). The Theory of Enterprise Liability and Common Law Strict Liability, Vanderbilt Law Review, 54(3): 97-105.
Mangnus, U. & Micklitz, H-W., (2004). Comparative Analysis of National Liability Systems for Remedying Damage Caused by Defective Consumer Service, A Study Commissioned by European Commission, at:.europa.eu/consumers/archive/cons.../ liability/reportd_en.pdf
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Mehtabpour, Mohammad Kazemi and Vajgani, Horiya (2021). Facilitating the proof of contractual and non-contractual civil liability of professional service providers in Iranian law with a comparative study of French and common law, two specialized quarterly journals of contract law and new technologies, 2(3): 59-77. (in Persian).
Miller, R, L. Cross, F, B. (2001). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today: Business in the Ethical, Regulatory, and International Setting, United States: South Western Publishing Company, 6 Th Ed.
Morgan, F. W. (1987). Strict Liability and the Marketing of Services vs. Goods: A Judicial Review, Journal of Public policy & Marketing, 6(3): 85-97.
Nasiri, Mustafa (2008). The Role of Fault in Contractual Liability, Journal of Litigation, 25(71): 1-24. (in Persian).
Nazari Montazer, Ali and Simai Saraf, Hossein (2018). Privatization of electricity distribution companies, legislative and legal requirements, Quarterly Journal of Energy Planning and Policy Research, 3 (8): 49-62. (in Persian).
Osant.J & Weiss. A (2013), Allocation of Fault in Contract Law, International Review of Law and Economics, 36 (2): 40-58.
Posner.A. E (2008). Fault in Contract Law, University of Chicago Law School& Economics, 39(4): 217-228.
Pourasmaili, Alireza (2012). A comparative study of the effect of the victim's fault on civil liability in Islamic law and common law, Scientific Research Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, 4 (7): 1-29. (in Persian).
Qasimzadeh, Seyyed Morteza (2014). Basics of civil responsibility, Tehran, Mizan. (in Persian).
Safai, Hossein and Shabani Kandsari, Hadi (2014). the basis of civil liability of goods producers and service providers; A comparative study of the laws of Iran, the United States and the European :union:, comparative research of Islamic and Western law, 8 (54). 54-32. (in Persian).
Safai, Seyyed Hossein and Rahimi, Habibullah (2013). Civil liability (requirements outside the contract), Tehran, position. (in Persian).
Schruers, Matthew. (2002). the History and Economics of ISP Liability for Third Party Content, Virginia Law Review, 88 (1): 19-28.
Shiva, Reza and Shahbazi, Masoumeh (2019). Evaluating the state of competitiveness and the impact of market power on electricity prices: a case study of Iran's wholesale electricity market, Energy Planning and Policy Research, 5 (18): 65-108. (in Persian).
Steetskamp, I., Wijk, D. von (1994). Stromausfall. Die Verletzlichkeit der Gesellschaft, Die Folgen von Sorungen der Elektrizitätsversorgung. Rathenau-Instituut, The Hague.
Stephenson, G. & Clark, P. (1987). Commercial and consumer law, London, Blackstone.
Stone, Ferdinand F. (2008). The basic legal institutions of the United States of America, translated by Seyyed Hossein Safaei, Tehran, Jangal. (in Persian).
Uwuseba, Joshua (2019). Is Electricity a product or a service? – II, Building the OS of Data Intelligenc; at: http://www.metatouch.com/uncategorized/service-business-vs-product-what-are-the-challenges.
Vahad, Faezeh; Zahidian, Mojtabi and Tajari, Ahmad (2021). The basis of contractual responsibilities in American law and a comparative study with jurisprudence and Iranian law, Comparative Research Quarterly of Islamic and Western Laws, 9 (4): 275-302. (in Persian).
Vandal, G., (1983). Applying Strict Liability to Professionals: Economic and Legal Analysis, Indiana Law Journal, 59(3): 65-77.
Yazdanian, Alireza (2015), General Rules of Civil Liability, Tehran, Mizan Publishing. (in Persian).
Ankit, Aman; Liu, Zhanlin; Miles, Scott & Choe, Youngjun (2022). U.S. Resilience to large-scale power outages in 2002–2019, Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 3(2):128-135 ; at: https://www-sciencedirect com.translate.goog/science/article/pii/S2666449622000147
Ben-shahar.O & Porat.A (2009). Fault in American Contract Law, Michigan Law Review, 107 (8). 12-20.
Bridgeman.C (2007). Reconciling Strict Liability with Corrective Justice in Contract Law, Fordham Law Review, 75(6) 71-79.
Cohen.M.G; (2009). The Fault That Lies within Our Contract Law, Michigan law Review, 107(8): 54-62.
Eisenberg.A.M. (2009). The Role of Fault in Contract Law: Unconscionability, Unexpected Circumstances, Interpretation, Mistake and Nonperformance, Michigan Law Review, 107(8):30-39.
Farhadi, Maryam (2016). Comparative review of consumer protection laws with French law, Isfahan University Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics Journal, 19 (4): 24-47. (in Persian).
Garner.A.B; (2004). Black law dictionary, 18th edition, west publishing co.
Goodman, M., (1983). Strict Liability and the Professional Service Transaction, Insurance Counsel Journal .50(2): 21-30.
Hayati, Ali Abbas (2012). Civil responsibility, Tehran, Mizan publication. (in Persian).
Heisse, John R. (2011). The Measure of Malpractice—A Rebuttal to the “Threshold Approach, to Evaluating Errors in Design”, Journal of the ACCL.
Hikmatnia, Mahmoud (2012). Civil responsibility in Imami jurisprudence (fundamentals and structure), Tehran, Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture. (in Persian).
Hillman.A. R (2014). The Future of Fault in Contract Law, Duquesne Law Review, 52(2): 13-19.
Hosseini Nejad, Hossein Qoli (2009). Civil responsibility, Tehran, Majd publications. (in Persian).
https://www.aep.co
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (2013). Expanded on Legal Terminology, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Library. (in Persian).
Keating, Gregory C. (2001). The Theory of Enterprise Liability and Common Law Strict Liability, Vanderbilt Law Review, 54(3): 97-105.
Mangnus, U. & Micklitz, H-W., (2004). Comparative Analysis of National Liability Systems for Remedying Damage Caused by Defective Consumer Service, A Study Commissioned by European Commission, at:.europa.eu/consumers/archive/cons.../ liability/reportd_en.pdf
Mann, R, A. Roberts, B, S. (2010). Essentials of Business and the Legal Environment, United States: South-Western Cengage Learning, 10 Th Ed.
Maqshoodi, Reza and Droudi, Mahsa (2014). The supremacy of the fault approach over absolute liability in US contract law, Journal of Legal Thought, 8(1): 67-89. (in Persian).
Mehtabpour, Mohammad Kazemi and Vajgani, Horiya (2021). Facilitating the proof of contractual and non-contractual civil liability of professional service providers in Iranian law with a comparative study of French and common law, two specialized quarterly journals of contract law and new technologies, 2(3): 59-77. (in Persian).
Miller, R, L. Cross, F, B. (2001). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today: Business in the Ethical, Regulatory, and International Setting, United States: South Western Publishing Company, 6 Th Ed.
Morgan, F. W. (1987). Strict Liability and the Marketing of Services vs. Goods: A Judicial Review, Journal of Public policy & Marketing, 6(3): 85-97.
Nasiri, Mustafa (2008). The Role of Fault in Contractual Liability, Journal of Litigation, 25(71): 1-24. (in Persian).
Nazari Montazer, Ali and Simai Saraf, Hossein (2018). Privatization of electricity distribution companies, legislative and legal requirements, Quarterly Journal of Energy Planning and Policy Research, 3 (8): 49-62. (in Persian).
Osant.J & Weiss. A (2013), Allocation of Fault in Contract Law, International Review of Law and Economics, 36 (2): 40-58.
Posner.A. E (2008). Fault in Contract Law, University of Chicago Law School& Economics, 39(4): 217-228.
Pourasmaili, Alireza (2012). A comparative study of the effect of the victim's fault on civil liability in Islamic law and common law, Scientific Research Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, 4 (7): 1-29. (in Persian).
Qasimzadeh, Seyyed Morteza (2014). Basics of civil responsibility, Tehran, Mizan. (in Persian).
Safai, Hossein and Shabani Kandsari, Hadi (2014). the basis of civil liability of goods producers and service providers; A comparative study of the laws of Iran, the United States and the European :union:, comparative research of Islamic and Western law, 8 (54). 54-32. (in Persian).
Safai, Seyyed Hossein and Rahimi, Habibullah (2013). Civil liability (requirements outside the contract), Tehran, position. (in Persian).
Schruers, Matthew. (2002). the History and Economics of ISP Liability for Third Party Content, Virginia Law Review, 88 (1): 19-28.
Shiva, Reza and Shahbazi, Masoumeh (2019). Evaluating the state of competitiveness and the impact of market power on electricity prices: a case study of Iran's wholesale electricity market, Energy Planning and Policy Research, 5 (18): 65-108. (in Persian).
Steetskamp, I., Wijk, D. von (1994). Stromausfall. Die Verletzlichkeit der Gesellschaft, Die Folgen von Sorungen der Elektrizitätsversorgung. Rathenau-Instituut, The Hague.
Stephenson, G. & Clark, P. (1987). Commercial and consumer law, London, Blackstone.
Stone, Ferdinand F. (2008). The basic legal institutions of the United States of America, translated by Seyyed Hossein Safaei, Tehran, Jangal. (in Persian).
Uwuseba, Joshua (2019). Is Electricity a product or a service? – II, Building the OS of Data Intelligenc; at: http://www.metatouch.com/uncategorized/service-business-vs-product-what-are-the-challenges.
Vahad, Faezeh; Zahidian, Mojtabi and Tajari, Ahmad (2021). The basis of contractual responsibilities in American law and a comparative study with jurisprudence and Iranian law, Comparative Research Quarterly of Islamic and Western Laws, 9 (4): 275-302. (in Persian).
Vandal, G., (1983). Applying Strict Liability to Professionals: Economic and Legal Analysis, Indiana Law Journal, 59(3): 65-77.
Yazdanian, Alireza (2015), General Rules of Civil Liability, Tehran, Mizan Publishing. (in Persian).
