بررسی داوری بیس‌بال (آخرین پیشنهاد) و امکان سنجی اعمال آن در سیستم حقوقی ایران
نویسندگان
1
دانشیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
2
دستیار تحقیق در حوزه حقوق تجارت بینالملل، گروه حقوق تجارت بینالملل و انرژی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
چکیده
امروزه شیوه‌های جایگزین حل‌وفصل اختلافات نقش بسزایی در حل‌وفصل اختلافات ایفا می‌کنند. یکی از روش‌های نسبتاً نوظهور در این حوزه، داوری بیس‌بال است؛ این شیوه که خاستگاه آن به حل‌وفصل اختلافات میان بازیکنان و تیم‌های بیس‌بال در آمریکا بازمی‌گردد، فرایندی منحصربه فرد دارد؛ طرفین، پیشنهادهای نهایی خود را به صورت محرمانه و در پاکت‌های مهروموم‌شده به دیوان داوری ارائه می‌دهند و دیوان نیز موظف است بدون هیچ تغییری، یکی از این پیشنهادها را به عنوان حکم نهایی انتخاب کند. این روش، نظر به سادگی و سرعتش اهمیت زیادی پیدا کرده و حتی در حقوق عمومی و بینالملل نیز قابل استفاده است. پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد مفهوم و ماهیت داوری بیس‌بال را تبیین کرده و آن را با دیگر نهادهای مشابه مقایسه کند. همچنین، با بررسی سیر تحول تاریخی و موارد کاربرد آن در حقوق، امکان‌سنجی استفاده از آن را در سیستم حقوقی ایران مورد مطالعه قرار میدهد. دستاوردهای این پژوهش نشان میدهد که داوری بیس‌بال شاخه‌ای از داوری است و از این رو تحت شمول مقررات داوری قرار می‌گیرد. در سیستم حقوقی ایران، این شیوه با توجه به عمومات قانون داوری تجاری بین‌المللی و مقررات داوری قانون آیین دادرسی مدنی، مشروعیت دارد و می‌تواند به عنوان یک روش خصوصی حل‌وفصل اختلافات مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
1. Born, G. B., (2016). International Arbitration and Forum Selection Agreements: Drafting and Enforcing, The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International.
2. Born, G. B., (2020). International Commercial Arbitration, The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International.
3. kapteli, M., & Gareth, B., (2019). Civil Procedure. Vol. 1, (Translator: Mohseni, Hasan), Tehran, Sahami Enteshar C. (in Persian)
4. Moses, M. L., (2017). The Principles and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Rubino-Sammartano, M., (2014). International Arbitration Law and Practice, New York: Juris.
6. Shiravi, A., (2022). International Commercial Arbitration, Tehran, Samt. (in Persian)
7. Shoarian, E., (2024). Arbitration Agreement from Conclusion to Termination, Domestic and international Arbitration Law Perspectives, Tehran, S.D.I.L. (in Persian)
B) Articles
8. Ashenfelter, O., & Dahl, G. B., (2012). “Bargaining and the Role of Expert Agents: An Empirical Study of Final-Offer Arbitration”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1), 116-132. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41349164.
9. Ashenfelter, O., et al., (1992). “An experimental comparison of dispute rates in alternative arbitration systems”, Econometric Society, 60(6), 1407-33. http://www.nber.org/papers/w3417.pdf.
10. Barradas, R., & Vázquez, J., (2023). “Baseball Arbitration as a Suitable Alternative for Construction and Real Estate Disputes”, Journal of International Arbitration, 40(2), 211 – 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/JOIA2023010.
11. Blackmand, S. H., & McNeill, R. M., (1998). “Alternative Dispute Resolution in Commercial Intellectual Property Disputes”, American U. L. Rev, 47(6), 1709-34. https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol47/iss6/5/.
12. Borris, C., (2007). “Final Offer Arbitration from A Civil Law Perspective”, Journal of International Arbitration, 24 (3), 307-17.
13. Brams, S., & Merrill S., (1986). “Binding versus Final-Offer Arbitration: A Combination is Best”, Management Science, 32(10), 1346-55. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.10.1346.
14. Bukstein, S., (2011). “A New Solution for Salary Disputes: Implementing Salary Arbitration in the National Basketball Association”, Marq. Sports L. Rev, 22(1), 25-60. https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol22/iss1/12.
15. Carell, M., & Bales, R., (2013). “Considering Final Offer Arbitration to Resolve Public Sector Impasses in Times of Concession Bargaining”, The Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 28(1), 1-36. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2000185.
16. Chetwynd, J., (2009). “Play Ball? An Analysis of Final-Offer Arbitration, Its Use in Major League Baseball and Its Potential Applicability to European Football Wage and Transfer Disputes”, Marq. Sports L. Rev, 20(1), 109-46. http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol20/iss1/6.
17. Clayson, M., Snodgrass, E., & and Young, C., (2017). “The Changing Face of International Tax Arbitration”, Bloomberg International Tax Blog, https://www.bna.com/changing-face-international-b57982086065/.
18. Das, B., (2003). “Salary Arbitration and the Effects on Major League Baseball and Baseball Players”, DePaul Journal of Sports Law, 1(1), 55-62. https://via.library.depaul.edu/jslcp/vol1/iss1/7.
19. Dennis, P., & Hughes, Jr., (2011). “The Last Lion of Baseball”, Marq. Sports. L. Rev, 21(2), 801-11.
20. Denisi, A. S., & Dworkin, J.B., (1981). “Final-Offer Arbitration and the Naive Negotiator”, ILR Review, 35(1), 78-87. DOI: 10.1177/001979398103500107.
21. Dickinson, D. L., (2004). “A Comparison of Conventional, Final-Offer, and “Combined” Arbitration for Dispute Resolution”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57(2), 288-301. DOI: 10.2307/4126621.
22. Dickinson, D. L., (2005). “Bargaining Outcomes with Double-Offer Arbitration”, Experimental Economics, 8(2), 145-66. DOI: 10.1007/s10683-005-1469-4.
23. Donn, C. B., (1977). “Game’s Final-Offer Arbitrators Might Play”, Indus. Rel, 16(:306).
24. Dorsino, D., (2021). “Arbitration on Ice: How MLB Can Solve the Issues with Its Salary Arbitration Process by Borrowing Practices from the NHL Implementing Pre-Arbitration Mediation”, Syracuse Law Review, 71, 1459-86.
25. Dryer, R. T., (2008). “Beyond the Box Score: A Look at Collective Bargaining Agreements in Professional Sports and Their Effect on Competition”, Journal of Dispute Resolution, (1), 267-92.
26. Edmonds, E. P., (2010). “At the Brink of Free Agency: Creating the Foundation for the Messer Smith-McNally Decision 1968–1975”, S. I. U. Law Journal, 34, 565-619. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/270.
27. Einbinder, B., (2012). “What FINRA Can Learn from Major League Baseball”, Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 12, 333-50.
28. Farber, H. S., (1980). “An Analysis of Final-Offer Arbitration”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(4), 683-705. https://www.jstor.org/stable/173781.
29. Farmer, A., & Pecorino, P., (1998). “Bargaining with Informative Offers: An Analysis of Final‐Offer Arbitration”, The Journal of Legal Studies, 27(2), 415-32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/468025.
30. Fetter, H. D., (2012). “From Flood to Free Agency: The Messer Smith-McNally Arbitration Reconsidered”, Albany Government Law Review, 5, 156-87.
31. Feuille, P., (1975). “Final-Offer Arbitration and the Chilling Effect”, INDUS. REL, 14(3), 302-10. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232x.1975.tb00609. x.
32. Feigenbaum, C., (1975). “Final Offer Arbitration: Better Theory Than Practice”, Industrial Relations, 14(3), 311-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1975.t b00610.x.
33. Fluet, C., & Gabuthy, Y., (2014). “Conventional versus Final-Offer Arbitration”.
34. Grlica, I., (2018). “Baseball Arbitration: Comparison of the Rules under the U.S.-Canada Tax Treaty with the Rules under the Multilateral Instrument”, Chapter 14 of OECD Arbitration in Tax Treaty Law: Schriftenreihe IStR Band 111. 317-336.
35. Hanany, E.; Kilgour, D. M., & Gerchak, Y., (2009). “Final-Offer Arbitration and Risk Aversion in Bargaining”, Management Science, 53(11), 1785-92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20122334.
36. Holt, C. A., & Laury S. K., (2002). “Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects”, American Economic Review, 92(5),1644-55. DOI: 10.1257/0 002828027 620247 00.
37. Joneidi, L., & Ghiyasvand Qazvini., N., (2017). “Arbitrability in the Legal System of Iran with Emphasis on Judicial Process”, Comparative Law Journal, 4(2), 25-48. (In Persian)
38. Kingsley, P. R., & Gordon B. E., (2020). “Resolving Construction Disputes Through Baseball Arbitration”, Dispute Resolution Journal, 74(3), 53-58.
39. Lipsky, D., & Katz. H., (2006). “Alternative Approaches to Interest Arbitration: Lessons from New York City”, Public Personnel Management, 35(4), 265-281. DOI: 10.1177/009102600603500402.
40. Malacrida, R., (2008). “Towards Sounder and Fairer WTO Retaliation: Suggestions for Possible Additional Procedural Rules Governing Members’ Preparation and Adoption of Retaliatory Measures”, Journal of World Trade, 42(1), 3-60. DOI: 10.54648/TRAD2008001.
41. McAndrew, I., (2003). “Final-Offer Arbitration: A New Zealand Variation”, Industrial Relations, 42(4), 736-44.
42. Metcalf, D., & Milner, S., (1992), “Final Offer Arbitration in Great Britain: Style and Impact”, National Institute Economic Review, 142(1), 75-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002795019214200105.
43. Monahit, J., (2013). “Baseball Arbitration: An ADR Success”, Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law, 4, 105-43.
44. Mullarkey, M., (2010). “For the Love of the Game: A Historical Analysis and Defense of Final Offer Arbitration in Major League Baseball”, Virginia sports & entertainment law Journal, 9.
45. Notz, W., & Starke, F. A., (1978). “Final Offer Versus Conventional Arbitration as Means of Conflict Management”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 189-203.
46. Petruzzi, R.; Koch, P., & Turcan, L., “Baseball Arbitration in Comparison to Other Types of Arbitration, in: Lang, M.; Owens, J.; Kollmann, J., & Turcan, L., (BFD 2015)”, International Arbitration in Tax Matters, Vol. 2.
47. Pauwelyn, J., (2018). “Baseball Arbitration to Resolve International Law Disputes: Hit or Miss?” Florida Tax Review, 22(1), 40-76. DOI: 10.5744/ftr.2018.1015.
48. Primm, A., (2010). “Salary Arbitration Induced Settlement in Major League Baseball: The New Trend”, Sports law Journal, 17, 73-94.
49. Ross, W. H., (2005). “Should ‘‘Night Baseball’’ arbitration be used in lieu of public-sector strikes? Psychological considerations and suggestions for research. Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector”, 31, 45–70. DOI: 10.2190/1NJ3-M279-TPQ3-QDXM.
50. Samuelson, W. F., (1991). “Final-Offer Arbitration under Incomplete Information”, Management Science, 37(10), 1234-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2632398.
51. Sansing, R., (1997). “Voluntary binding arbitration as an alternative to tax court litigation”. National Tax Journal, 50(2), 279 – 296. DOI: 10.1086/NTJ41789257.
52. Schwartzman, R., (2019). “Utilizing Final-Offer Arbitration to Settle Divorces: A Proposal and Analysis”, Family Law Quarterly, 53(1/2). https://www.jstor.org/stable/27007838.
53. Silverman E., (2013). “Dick Woodson’s Revenge: The Evolution of Salary Arbitration in Major League Baseball”, Pepp. L. Rev, 21(1), 21-40. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol2013/iss1/2.
54. Starke, F.A., & Notz, W. (1981). “Pre- and Post-Intervention Effects of Conventional versus Final Offer Arbitration”, The Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 832-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/256180.
55. Stevens, C., (1966). “Is Compulsory Arbitration Compatible with Bargaining?”, Industrial Relations a Journal of Economy and Society, 5(2), 38-52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.1966.tb00450.x.
56. Tijmes, J., (2015). “Who Wants What? Final Offer Arbitration in the World Trade Organization”, European Journal of International Law, 26(3), 587-606. DOI:10.1093/ejil/chv037.
57. Wittman, D., (1986). “Final-Offer Arbitration”, Management Science, 32(12), 1551-61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2631829.
58. Zeng, D., (2003). “An Amendment to Final-Offer Arbitration”, Mathematical Social Sciences, 46(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4896(03)00005-2.
59. Zeng, D.; Nakamura, S. & Ibaraki, T. (1996). “Double-offer arbitration”, Mathematical Social Sciences, 78(5), 147-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(95)00805-5.
2. Born, G. B., (2020). International Commercial Arbitration, The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International.
3. kapteli, M., & Gareth, B., (2019). Civil Procedure. Vol. 1, (Translator: Mohseni, Hasan), Tehran, Sahami Enteshar C. (in Persian)
4. Moses, M. L., (2017). The Principles and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Rubino-Sammartano, M., (2014). International Arbitration Law and Practice, New York: Juris.
6. Shiravi, A., (2022). International Commercial Arbitration, Tehran, Samt. (in Persian)
7. Shoarian, E., (2024). Arbitration Agreement from Conclusion to Termination, Domestic and international Arbitration Law Perspectives, Tehran, S.D.I.L. (in Persian)
B) Articles
8. Ashenfelter, O., & Dahl, G. B., (2012). “Bargaining and the Role of Expert Agents: An Empirical Study of Final-Offer Arbitration”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1), 116-132. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41349164.
9. Ashenfelter, O., et al., (1992). “An experimental comparison of dispute rates in alternative arbitration systems”, Econometric Society, 60(6), 1407-33. http://www.nber.org/papers/w3417.pdf.
10. Barradas, R., & Vázquez, J., (2023). “Baseball Arbitration as a Suitable Alternative for Construction and Real Estate Disputes”, Journal of International Arbitration, 40(2), 211 – 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/JOIA2023010.
11. Blackmand, S. H., & McNeill, R. M., (1998). “Alternative Dispute Resolution in Commercial Intellectual Property Disputes”, American U. L. Rev, 47(6), 1709-34. https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol47/iss6/5/.
12. Borris, C., (2007). “Final Offer Arbitration from A Civil Law Perspective”, Journal of International Arbitration, 24 (3), 307-17.
13. Brams, S., & Merrill S., (1986). “Binding versus Final-Offer Arbitration: A Combination is Best”, Management Science, 32(10), 1346-55. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.10.1346.
14. Bukstein, S., (2011). “A New Solution for Salary Disputes: Implementing Salary Arbitration in the National Basketball Association”, Marq. Sports L. Rev, 22(1), 25-60. https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol22/iss1/12.
15. Carell, M., & Bales, R., (2013). “Considering Final Offer Arbitration to Resolve Public Sector Impasses in Times of Concession Bargaining”, The Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 28(1), 1-36. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2000185.
16. Chetwynd, J., (2009). “Play Ball? An Analysis of Final-Offer Arbitration, Its Use in Major League Baseball and Its Potential Applicability to European Football Wage and Transfer Disputes”, Marq. Sports L. Rev, 20(1), 109-46. http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol20/iss1/6.
17. Clayson, M., Snodgrass, E., & and Young, C., (2017). “The Changing Face of International Tax Arbitration”, Bloomberg International Tax Blog, https://www.bna.com/changing-face-international-b57982086065/.
18. Das, B., (2003). “Salary Arbitration and the Effects on Major League Baseball and Baseball Players”, DePaul Journal of Sports Law, 1(1), 55-62. https://via.library.depaul.edu/jslcp/vol1/iss1/7.
19. Dennis, P., & Hughes, Jr., (2011). “The Last Lion of Baseball”, Marq. Sports. L. Rev, 21(2), 801-11.
20. Denisi, A. S., & Dworkin, J.B., (1981). “Final-Offer Arbitration and the Naive Negotiator”, ILR Review, 35(1), 78-87. DOI: 10.1177/001979398103500107.
21. Dickinson, D. L., (2004). “A Comparison of Conventional, Final-Offer, and “Combined” Arbitration for Dispute Resolution”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57(2), 288-301. DOI: 10.2307/4126621.
22. Dickinson, D. L., (2005). “Bargaining Outcomes with Double-Offer Arbitration”, Experimental Economics, 8(2), 145-66. DOI: 10.1007/s10683-005-1469-4.
23. Donn, C. B., (1977). “Game’s Final-Offer Arbitrators Might Play”, Indus. Rel, 16(:306).
24. Dorsino, D., (2021). “Arbitration on Ice: How MLB Can Solve the Issues with Its Salary Arbitration Process by Borrowing Practices from the NHL Implementing Pre-Arbitration Mediation”, Syracuse Law Review, 71, 1459-86.
25. Dryer, R. T., (2008). “Beyond the Box Score: A Look at Collective Bargaining Agreements in Professional Sports and Their Effect on Competition”, Journal of Dispute Resolution, (1), 267-92.
26. Edmonds, E. P., (2010). “At the Brink of Free Agency: Creating the Foundation for the Messer Smith-McNally Decision 1968–1975”, S. I. U. Law Journal, 34, 565-619. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/270.
27. Einbinder, B., (2012). “What FINRA Can Learn from Major League Baseball”, Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 12, 333-50.
28. Farber, H. S., (1980). “An Analysis of Final-Offer Arbitration”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(4), 683-705. https://www.jstor.org/stable/173781.
29. Farmer, A., & Pecorino, P., (1998). “Bargaining with Informative Offers: An Analysis of Final‐Offer Arbitration”, The Journal of Legal Studies, 27(2), 415-32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/468025.
30. Fetter, H. D., (2012). “From Flood to Free Agency: The Messer Smith-McNally Arbitration Reconsidered”, Albany Government Law Review, 5, 156-87.
31. Feuille, P., (1975). “Final-Offer Arbitration and the Chilling Effect”, INDUS. REL, 14(3), 302-10. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232x.1975.tb00609. x.
32. Feigenbaum, C., (1975). “Final Offer Arbitration: Better Theory Than Practice”, Industrial Relations, 14(3), 311-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1975.t b00610.x.
33. Fluet, C., & Gabuthy, Y., (2014). “Conventional versus Final-Offer Arbitration”.
34. Grlica, I., (2018). “Baseball Arbitration: Comparison of the Rules under the U.S.-Canada Tax Treaty with the Rules under the Multilateral Instrument”, Chapter 14 of OECD Arbitration in Tax Treaty Law: Schriftenreihe IStR Band 111. 317-336.
35. Hanany, E.; Kilgour, D. M., & Gerchak, Y., (2009). “Final-Offer Arbitration and Risk Aversion in Bargaining”, Management Science, 53(11), 1785-92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20122334.
36. Holt, C. A., & Laury S. K., (2002). “Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects”, American Economic Review, 92(5),1644-55. DOI: 10.1257/0 002828027 620247 00.
37. Joneidi, L., & Ghiyasvand Qazvini., N., (2017). “Arbitrability in the Legal System of Iran with Emphasis on Judicial Process”, Comparative Law Journal, 4(2), 25-48. (In Persian)
38. Kingsley, P. R., & Gordon B. E., (2020). “Resolving Construction Disputes Through Baseball Arbitration”, Dispute Resolution Journal, 74(3), 53-58.
39. Lipsky, D., & Katz. H., (2006). “Alternative Approaches to Interest Arbitration: Lessons from New York City”, Public Personnel Management, 35(4), 265-281. DOI: 10.1177/009102600603500402.
40. Malacrida, R., (2008). “Towards Sounder and Fairer WTO Retaliation: Suggestions for Possible Additional Procedural Rules Governing Members’ Preparation and Adoption of Retaliatory Measures”, Journal of World Trade, 42(1), 3-60. DOI: 10.54648/TRAD2008001.
41. McAndrew, I., (2003). “Final-Offer Arbitration: A New Zealand Variation”, Industrial Relations, 42(4), 736-44.
42. Metcalf, D., & Milner, S., (1992), “Final Offer Arbitration in Great Britain: Style and Impact”, National Institute Economic Review, 142(1), 75-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002795019214200105.
43. Monahit, J., (2013). “Baseball Arbitration: An ADR Success”, Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law, 4, 105-43.
44. Mullarkey, M., (2010). “For the Love of the Game: A Historical Analysis and Defense of Final Offer Arbitration in Major League Baseball”, Virginia sports & entertainment law Journal, 9.
45. Notz, W., & Starke, F. A., (1978). “Final Offer Versus Conventional Arbitration as Means of Conflict Management”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 189-203.
46. Petruzzi, R.; Koch, P., & Turcan, L., “Baseball Arbitration in Comparison to Other Types of Arbitration, in: Lang, M.; Owens, J.; Kollmann, J., & Turcan, L., (BFD 2015)”, International Arbitration in Tax Matters, Vol. 2.
47. Pauwelyn, J., (2018). “Baseball Arbitration to Resolve International Law Disputes: Hit or Miss?” Florida Tax Review, 22(1), 40-76. DOI: 10.5744/ftr.2018.1015.
48. Primm, A., (2010). “Salary Arbitration Induced Settlement in Major League Baseball: The New Trend”, Sports law Journal, 17, 73-94.
49. Ross, W. H., (2005). “Should ‘‘Night Baseball’’ arbitration be used in lieu of public-sector strikes? Psychological considerations and suggestions for research. Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector”, 31, 45–70. DOI: 10.2190/1NJ3-M279-TPQ3-QDXM.
50. Samuelson, W. F., (1991). “Final-Offer Arbitration under Incomplete Information”, Management Science, 37(10), 1234-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2632398.
51. Sansing, R., (1997). “Voluntary binding arbitration as an alternative to tax court litigation”. National Tax Journal, 50(2), 279 – 296. DOI: 10.1086/NTJ41789257.
52. Schwartzman, R., (2019). “Utilizing Final-Offer Arbitration to Settle Divorces: A Proposal and Analysis”, Family Law Quarterly, 53(1/2). https://www.jstor.org/stable/27007838.
53. Silverman E., (2013). “Dick Woodson’s Revenge: The Evolution of Salary Arbitration in Major League Baseball”, Pepp. L. Rev, 21(1), 21-40. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol2013/iss1/2.
54. Starke, F.A., & Notz, W. (1981). “Pre- and Post-Intervention Effects of Conventional versus Final Offer Arbitration”, The Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 832-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/256180.
55. Stevens, C., (1966). “Is Compulsory Arbitration Compatible with Bargaining?”, Industrial Relations a Journal of Economy and Society, 5(2), 38-52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.1966.tb00450.x.
56. Tijmes, J., (2015). “Who Wants What? Final Offer Arbitration in the World Trade Organization”, European Journal of International Law, 26(3), 587-606. DOI:10.1093/ejil/chv037.
57. Wittman, D., (1986). “Final-Offer Arbitration”, Management Science, 32(12), 1551-61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2631829.
58. Zeng, D., (2003). “An Amendment to Final-Offer Arbitration”, Mathematical Social Sciences, 46(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4896(03)00005-2.
59. Zeng, D.; Nakamura, S. & Ibaraki, T. (1996). “Double-offer arbitration”, Mathematical Social Sciences, 78(5), 147-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(95)00805-5.
