Comparative Law Researches

Comparative Law Researches

The Legal Nature, Effects, and Sanctions of the Termination of Proceedings in Iranian Civil Procedure: A Comparative Study of French and Common Law Systems

Document Type : مقالات علمی پژوهشی

Authors
ali Ansari 1
mohammad karbalaei pazoli 2
1 Associate Professor in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. Graduate in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.48311/clr.2026.118236.82797
Abstract
The termination of proceedings, as a stage in the adjudicatory process where the court declares its readiness to issue a conclusive judgment, plays a pivotal role in procedural efficiency. The most significant effects of this institution are the rendering of the final judgment and the inadmissibility of new evidence. This analytical and comparative research demonstrates that the legal nature of this institution in the Iranian legal system is ambiguous due to the absence of an independent and codified judicial decision. It currently occupies a vague space between an administrative and a judicial act and is considered irrevocable. This inflexibility may conflict with the principles of a fair trial. The comparative study indicates that modern legal systems have moved toward controlled flexibility. French law, through the mechanism of the "closing order" (ordonnance de clôture) and particularly through various legislative reforms, has provided for the revocation of the termination order. The Common Law system, through its "active case management" approach, also maintains the possibility of revising procedural deadlines. Finally, by analyzing challenges such as the potential for abuse of this institution and the requirements of a fair and efficient trial, this research elucidates the necessity of amending Article 295 of the Iranian Civil Procedure Code and establishing a modifiable "Order for the Termination of Proceedings."
Keywords
Termination of Proceedings, Conclusion of Trial, Closing Order (Ordonnance de Clô
ture), Fair Trial, Case Management, Revocation of Termination
Subjects
 
2-9) منابع خارجی
A) Books
1.    Andrews, Neil (2017). Andrews on Civil Processes, Cambridge: Intersentia.
2.    Black, Henry Campbell (1983). Black’s Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co.
3.    Debard, Thierry et Serge Guinchard (2017-2018). Lexique Des Termes Juridiques, Paris: Dalloz
4.    Motulsky, Henri (1948). Principesd’uneréalisationméthodique du droit privé: la théorie des élémentsgénérateurs des droits subjectifs, Thèse Lyon 1947, Paris: Sirey (rééd. Paris: Dalloz, 2002).
5.    The White Book (2022). Civil Procedure Rules and Practice Directions, London: Sweet & Maxwell.
6.    Yeazell, Stephen & Schwartz, Joanna (2019). Civil Procedure, 10th ed., Aspen Publishing.
 
B) Articles
7.    Cadiet, Loïc (2015). «Justice et paix civile», Archives de philosophie du droit, Tome 58, pp. 207-224.
8.    Hoffschir, Nicolas (2023). «L’informationnécessaire de la date du prononcé de l’ordonnance de clôture», Dalloz Actualité.
9.    Lando, Henrik (2002). «When is the Preponderance of Evidence Standard Optimal?», Access at: https://research.cbs.dk
10. Larher, Christiane (1988). «L’ordonnance de clôture - Analyse de la jurisprudence des coursd’Angers et de Rennes», Revue juridique de l’Ouest, pp. 159-171.
11. Leborgne, François (2015). «Henri Motulsky et le droit», In Regards critiques sur Henri Motulsky, LGDJ, pp. 11-23.
12. Marcus, Richard L. (1987). «Reforming Discovery», University of Chicago Law Review, 54(3), pp. pp. 738–777.
13. Tirvaudey, Catherine (2023). «Le juge de la mise enétat au cœur du développement de l’amiablejudiciaire», Revue justice actualités, 28(2), pp. 50-57.
 
C) Sites
14. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/search/all?tab_selection=all&searchField=ALL&query=cloture+de+debat&page=1&init=true
15. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr
16. https://www.law.cornell.edu
17. http://www.philosophie-droit.asso.fr
 
[In Persian]:
A) Books
18. Amid, H. (1985). Farhang-e Amid [Amid dictionary], Tehran: Amir Kabir.
19. Hosseini Nik, S. A. (2019). Majmooe-ye ghavanin-e karbordi-ye Majd (Hoghooghi va Keyfari) [Majd applied laws collection (Civil and Criminal)], Tehran: Majd. [In Persian]
20. Hayati, A. A. (2005). Sharh-e ghanoon-e ayin-e dadresi-ye madani [Commentary on civil procedure code], Qom: Markaz-e Motale’at-e Tose’e-ye Ghazayi.
21. Katouzian, N. (2006). A’mal-e hoghooghi: Gharardad - Igha [Legal acts: Contract - Unilateral act], Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar.
22. Katouzian, N. (2017). E’tebar-e amr-e ghezavat shode [Res judicata], Tehran: Nashr-e Dadgostar.
23. Matin-Daftari, A. (2002). Ayin-e dadresi-ye madani va bazargani [Civil and commercial procedure], Tehran: Majd.
24. Moein, M. (2002). Farhang-e Farsi [Persian dictionary], Tehran: Adena.
25. Mohajeri, A. (2000). Sharh-e ghanoon-e ayin-e dadresi-ye madani-ye dadgah-haye omoumi va enghelab [Commentary on the Civil Procedure Code of General and Revolutionary Courts], Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh.
26. Mohseni, H. (2014). Edare-ye jaryan-e dadresi-ye madani bar paye-ye hamkari va dar chahar-choub-e osoul-e dadresi-ye madani [Managing the flow of civil proceedings based on cooperation and within the framework of principles of civil procedure], Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar.
27. Mohseni, H. (2015a). Bargardan va pajohesh-e ghanoon-e ayin-e dadresi-ye madani-ye Faranseh [Translation and research of the French Code of Civil Procedure], Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar.
28. Mohseni, H., & Ghamami, M. (2017). Ayin-e dadresi-ye madani-ye faramelli [Transnational civil procedure], Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar.
29. Shams, A. (2010). Ayin-e dadresi-ye madani (Dore-ye Bonyadin) [Civil procedure (Fundamental course)], Tehran: Mizan.
30. Shams, A. (1999). Jozve-ye ayin-e dadresi-ye madani-ye tatbighi (Dore-ye Doktora) [Comparative civil procedure pamphlet (PhD Course)], Shahid Beheshti University.
31. Shams, A. (2015). Ayin-e dadresi-ye madani (Dore-ye Pishrafte) [Civil procedure (Advanced course)], Tehran: Mizan.
32. Vahedi, G. (2008). Bayeste-haye ayin-e dadresi-ye madani [Essentials of civil procedure], Tehran: Mizan.
33. Zaraat, A. (2004). Ghanoon-e ayin-e dadresi-ye madani dar nazm-e hoghooghi-ye Iran [Civil procedure code in the Iranian legal order], Tehran: Khat-e Sevom.
 
B) Articles
34. Almasi, N., & Habibi Dargah, B. (2012). “Daramadi bar keyfiyat-e dadresi dar farayand-e dadresi-ye karamad [An introduction to the quality of proceedings in the efficient trial process]”, Didgah-haye Hoghoogh-e Ghazayi, (44), pp. 48-72.
35. Babaei, I., & Shami Aghdam, Sh. (2022). “Me’yar-e karamad-e eghna-e ghazi [Efficient standard of judge’s persuasion]”, Pajohesh-haye Hoghoogh-e Khosousi, 10(37), pp. 151-178.
36. Bafahm, M., Fahimi, A., & Hassanzadeh, M. (2023). “Zemanat-e ejra-ye sou-e estefade az hagh dar dadresi-ye madani-ye Iran va Faranseh [The sanction of abuse of rights in civil procedure of Iran and France]”, Pajohesh-haye Hoghoogh-e Tatbighi, 27(3), pp. 1-48.
37. Hosseini Yazdi, S. M. H. (2023). “Tahavolat-e bakhsh-e ejra-ye ahkam-e ghanoon-e divan-e edalat-e edari ba takid bar dadresi-ye monsefaneh [Developments in the enforcement of judgments section of the Administrative Justice Court Law with emphasis on fair trial]”, Dolat va Hoghoogh, 4(2), pp. 73-87.
38. Mobin, H. (2013). “Elal-e ghanooni-ye etale-ye dadresi dar da’avi-ye madani va rahkar-haye eslah-e an [Legal causes of prolonged proceedings in civil cases and solutions for its reform]”. In Majmooe maghalat-e bazkhani-ye nezam-e ghazayi-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran, pp. 362-390.
39. Mohseni, H. (2014). “Naghs-e shekli va mahavi dar ayin-e dadresi-ye madani [Formal and substantive defects in civil procedure]”, Pajohesh-haye Hoghoogh-e Khosousi, 2(6), pp. 139-159.
40. Mohseni, H. (2015b). “Naghs-e a’mal-e ayin-e dadresi-ye madani dar hoghoogh-e Faranseh [Defects in the application of civil procedure in French law]”, Motale’at-e Hoghoogh-e Tatbighi, 6(2), pp. 793-808.
41. Nahrini, F. (2014). “Zaval-e dadresi be jahat-e esterdad-e da’va [Demise of proceedings due to withdrawal of claim]”, Tahghighat-e Hoghooghi, 70, pp. 113-136.
42. Rahimi-Nejad, E. (2011). “Tasmim-e dadgah: hagh ya taklif? [Court decision: Right or duty?]”, Fegh va Hoghoogh-e Eslami, 4, pp. 155-172.
43. Saber, M., & Nazerian, H. (2014). “Mohlat-e maghool-e dadresi dar divan-e keyfari-ye beynolmelali va ara-ye dadgah-e oroupayi-ye hoghoogh-e bashar [Reasonable time of proceedings in the International Criminal Court and judgments of the European Court of Human Rights]”, Pajohesh-haye Hoghoogh-e Tatbighi, 18(4), pp. 47-72.