پاسخگویی دولت: جایگاه، ارکان و پیش‌شرط‌‌ها
- منابع
[1] Franck, M Thomas, “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance”, 86 AM. J. INT'L L. 46-64, 1992.
[2] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 21, G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. Doc. A/810, at 71(1948); International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.TS.171; Organization of American States, American Convention On Human Rights, art. 23, Nov. 22,1969, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123.
[3] Ignatieff, Michael, “Human Rights as Politics", in Gutmann, Amy )ed(, Human Rights As Politics And Idolatry, 3- 25, 2001.
[4] Cassese, Antonio, Self-Determination Of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal,Cambridge University Press. 1995.
[5] Beutz, Molly, "Functional Democracy: Responding to Failures of Accountability”,Vol. 44, No 2, Harvard International Law Journal, Summer 2003.
[6] S.C. Res. 940, U.N. SCOR, 49th Sess., 3413th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/RES/940, 1994.
[7] Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, edition 8.
[8] Black Law Dictionary, Available at:
[9] Dario, Castiglione, “Accountability”, in Bevir, Mark (ed), Encyclopedia of Governance, Volume I, SAGE publication, California, 2007.
[10] Heywood, Andrew, key word in politics. New York: Palgrave, 2000.
[11] هیوود، اندرو، واژگان کلیدی در سیاست و حقوق عمومی، ترجمه اردشیر امیرارجمند و سید باسم موالی زاده، تهران، امیرکبیر، ۱۳۸۷.
[12] Grant, Ruth.W, Keohane, Robert.O,"Accountability and Abuse of Power in World Politics", Vol.99,No.1, American Political Science Review, 2005.
[13] Elaine, Thompson, “The Australian constitution and Responsible government” Vol 1, Australian Bar Review, 1985.
[14] Lipton, Jacqueline, ”Responsible Government, Representative Democracy and the Senate: Option for Reform” 19 U. Queensland L:.J.194, 1996-1997.
[15] Graham, John, Amos, Bruce, Plumptre, Tim, ”Principles for Good Governance in the 21st Century”1Policy Brief No. 15 - Institute On Governance, Ottawa, 2003.
[16] Kaufmann, Daniel, “Human Rights and Governance: The Empirical Challenge”, Prepared for: Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement Conference sponsored by the Ethical Globalization Initiative and The Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, New York University Law School New York City, March 1st, 2004. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTWBIGOVANTCOR/ Resources/ humanrights.pdf; What is Good Governance?, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, July 10, 2009. Available at: http://www.unescap.org/ sites/ default/ files/ good-governance.pdf
[17] Sen, Amartya, Development As Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1999.
[18] Kant, Immanuel, Perpetual Peace, White Beck, Lewis (ed.), Liberal Arts Press, 1957.
[19] Reginald, Ezetah, “The Right to Democracy: A Qualitative Inquiry”, 22 BROOK. J. INT'LL., 1997.
[20] The Secretary-General, Statement to the General Assembly 18, U.N. Doc. A/51/761, Dec. 20, 1996.
[21] Zakari, Fareed, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy”, Foreign Aff., Nov.Dec. 1997.
[22] Madison, James, The Federalist Papers, no. 51. “The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances between the Different Departments”, 1788, Available at: http://www.constitution.org/ fed/ federa51.htm
[23] Fontana, Biancamaria, “The roots of a long tradition”, Vol. 49 Issue 6UNESCO Courier, Jun 1996, Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ images/ 0010/ 001030/ 103084eo.pdf
[24] Schedler, Andreas, "Conceptualizing Accountability" in Schedler, Andreas, Diamond, Larry, Plattner, Marc F(eds), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
[25] Jos Antonio, Przeworski, Adam, “Democracy, Elections, and Accountability for Economic Outcomes”,in Jos Antonio, Przeworski, Adam, Manin, Bernard, Democracy, Accountability, And Representation, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
[26] Stark, David, Bruszt, Laszlo, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
[27] Shapiro, Ian, ”Group Aspirations and Democratic Politics”, in Shapiro,Ian,Hacker-Corden, Casiano, )eds( Democracy's Edges, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
[28] Przeworski, Adam, Stoke, Susan, Manin, Bernard (eds), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
[29] Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
[30] Sklar, Riehard L, “Comments on O’Donnell, Democracy and Constitutionalism”, in Schedler, Andreas, Diamond, Larry, Plattner, Marc F. (eds),The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1999.
[31]O’Donnell, Guillermo, ”Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies” in Schedler, Andreas, Diamond, Larry, Plattner, Marc F. (eds), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1999.
[32]Sehmitter, Philippe C., ”The limits of Horizontal Accountability”, in Schedler, Andreas, Diamond, Larry, Plattner, Marc F. (eds), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1999.
[33] Collier, Paul, ”Learning from Failure: The International Financial Institutions as Agencies of Restraint in Africa”, in Schedler, Andreas, Diamond, Larry, Plattner, Marc F. (eds),The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1999.
[34] Dunn, John, “Situating Democratic Political Accountability”, in Przeworski, Adam, Stoke, Susan, Manin, Bernard (eds), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, Cambridge, 1999.
[35] Shapiro,Ian, “Group Aspirations and Democratic Politics”, in Shapiro,Ian,Hacker-Corden, Casiano, )eds (Democracy's Edges, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 1999.
[36] Diamond, Larry, “Consolidating Democracy in the Americas”, 550 ANNALS AM. ACAD. POL. & SOC. SCI., 1997.
[37] Davis, J, “Access to and Transmission of Information: Positionof the Media”, In Deckmyn, V, and Thomson, I. (eds) Openness and Transparency in the European :union:. Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 1998.
[38] Fox, Gregory H. & Roth, Brad R., “Introduction: The Spread of Liberal Democracy and Its Implications for International Law”, in Gregory H. & Roth, Brad R. (eds.), Democratic Governance And International Law, Fox, 2000.
[39]Philippe Sands, “Turtles and Torturers: The Transformation of International Law”, 33 N.YU. J.INT'L L. & POL. 527, 540, 2001.
[40]Bugaric',Bojan, “Openness And Transparency In public Administration:Challenges For Public Law”, 22 Wis. Int'l L.J. 483 2004.
[41] Curtin, Deirdre & Meijers, Herman ”The Principle of Open Government in Schengen and the European :union:: Democratic Retrogression?”, 32 COMMON MKT. L. REV. 391, 1995.
[42] Meijer,Albert, ”Does Transparency lead to more Compliance?Critical Remarks on the Relation between Transparency and Compliance”, 2007 Eur. Food & Feed L. Rev. 264 2007.
[43] Accountability and transparency for state and local government, Esri, New York, 2012.
[44] Hala, Tomas N., “Trancparency, Accountability and Global Governance”, 14 Global governance, 2008.
[45] MacFarlane, Q.C., Bruce A. ”Sunlight and Disinfectants: Prosecutorial Accountability and Independence through Public Transparency”, 45 Crim. L.Q. 272 2001-2002.
[46] کاتوزیان، ناصر، «حکومت قانون و جامعه مدنی»، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی تهران، ش 72 ، تابستان 1385.
[47] آلتمن، آندرو، «حکومت قانون چیست»، ترجمه سعید پزشک مرندی، دادنامه، ش 5، مهر 1389.
[48] فلسفی، هدایت الله، صلح جاویدان و حکومت قانون، انتشارت فرهنگ نشر نو و نشر آسیم، 1390.
[49] Samuel H. Barnes, “The Contribution of Democracy to Rebuilding Postconflict Societies”, 95 AM. J. INT'L L., 2001.
[50] Grossman, Claudio, ”Freedom of Expression in the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights”, 7 ILSA J.INT'L & COMP. L. 619, 2001.
[51] Krit, Neil J., “The Rule of Law in the Postconflict Phase: Building a Stable Peace”, in Chester A. Crocker, Osler, Fen Hampson, Aall, Pamela (eds), Managing global Chaos, United State Institute for Peace, Washington D.C, 1996.
[52] Levitsky, S, Collier, D, “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research”, World Politics, 4(3):430-451, 1997
