رویکرد کنوانسیون سنگاپور 2019 و نظام حقوقی ایران در مورد چالش‌های سازش‌نامه‌های حاصل از میانجی‌گری تجاری بین‌المللی
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
استادیار حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق علوم و سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
سازش به عنوان یکی از روش‌های حل و فصل اختلافات در عرصه دعاوی داخلی و بین‌المللی کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. مهم‌ترین علت عدم استقبال از سازش، فقدان وصف لازم‌الاجرا در اکثر سازش‌نامه‌ها است. سازمان ملل متحد با تصویب کنوانسیون سنگاپور 2019 در مورد سازش‌نامه‌های حاصل از میانجی‌گری، این نقیصه را در مورد سازش‌نامه‌های مزبور برطرف کرده است. الحاق ایران به کنوانسیون یادشده، گامی مثبت جهت ارتقای جایگاه سازش‌نامه‌ها در حقوق ایران قلمداد می‌شود. در مقاله پیش‌رو، چالش‌ها و مسائل اصلی مطروح در تنظیم کنوانسیون مورد مداقه قرار گرفته است. در مجموع پژوهش حاضر، به این نتیجه نائل آمده که برخی رویکردهای کنوانسیون مذکور از جمله عدم وضع مقرراتی در خصوص حمایت از توافق‌نامه طرفین مبنی بر حل و فصل اختلافات از طریق سازش و عدم ارائه قواعدی صریح در خصوص لزوم حفظ محرمانگی در فرایند میانجی‌گری قابل نقد می‌باشند. همچنین به نظر می‌رسد با توجه به تأکیداتی که نظام فقهی و حقوقی ایران نسبت به برتری روش سازش بر روش‌های ترافعی حل اختلاف دارد، شایسته است نظام حقوقی ایران از سازش‌نامه‌های داخلی نیز حمایتی مشابه یا حتی بیشتر از سازش‌نامه‌های بین‌المللی به عمل آورد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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16. Chong, Shou Yu and Steffek Felix, "Enforcement of international settlement agreements resulting from mediation under the Singapore convention Private international law issues in perspective", Singapore Academy of Law Journal. 31, (Special Issue), 1-39. Research Collection School of Law, 2019.
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20. Claxton, James M., "The Singapore Convention: Mediation in a New York State of Mind". Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=3416116, 2019.
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25. Manukyan, Mushegh, "Singapore Convention Series: A Call for Broad Interpretation of the Singapore Mediation Convention in the Context of Investor-State Disputes", Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: http://mediationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/06/10/ singapore-convention-series-a-call-for-a-broad-interpretation-of-the-singapore-mediation-convention-in-the-context-of-investor-state-disputes, 2019.
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35. Rovine, Arthur W, "Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation", the Fordham Papers, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 2010.
36. Schnabel, Timothy, "The Singapore convention on mediation: framework for the cross-border recognition and enforcement of mediated settlements". Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 19(A), 1-60, 2019.
37. Sim, Christine, "Conciliation of investor–state disputes, Arb-con-arb, and The Singapore Convention", Singapore Academy of Law Journal. V 31, 2019.
38. Stitt, Allan J. Mediation: A Practical Guide, First published, Great Britain, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2004.
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41. Sudborough, Calliope M, Mediating Sovereign Debt Disputes, In Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, London, Oxford University Press, First Edition, 2019.
42. Sun, Wei, "Harmonization of China’s Legal System with the Convention: Suggestions for the Implementation of the Convention in China (Part 1) ", Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: http://mediationblog. kluwerarbitration.com/2019/03/02/singaporeconventionseriesharmonizationofchinaslegalsysemwiththeconventionsuggestionsfortheimplementationoftheconventioninchinapart1, 2019.
43. Sussman Edna, "The Singapore Convention Promoting the Enforcement and Recognition of International Mediated Settlement Agreements", Icc Dispute Resolution Bulletin, Issue 3, 2018.
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2. ایرنا، «کنوانسیون سنگاپور با موافقت هیات دولت به امضا می‌رسد»، تاریخ دسترسی: 26/07/1398، قابل دسترسی در: https://www. irna. ir/news/83432523، 1398.
3. جنیدی، لعیا، «کنفرانس تخصصی کنوانسیون سازمان ملل در باره موافقت نامه‌های حل و فصل بین‌المللی ناشی از میانجی‌گری (کنوانسیون سنگاپور(»، 22 مهرماه سال 1398، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران. تاریخ دسترسی: 26/07/1398، قابل دسترسی در : http://www. modares. ac. ir/index. jsp?siteid=11&fkeyid=&siteid=11&pageid=28293&newsview=11556، 1398.
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7. شیروی، عبدالحسین، «بررسی قانون نمونه آنسیترال در خصوص سازش تجاری بین‌المللی»، اندیشه‌های حقوقی، سال چهارم، شماره دهم، صص 45-76، 1385.
8. کاتوزیان، ناصر، اعتبار امر قضاوت شده در دعاوی مدنی، جلد 5، تهران، انتشارات دادگستر، 1376.
9. مافی، همایون و تاری، حسین، «اعتبار امر مختوم آراء داوری در حقوق ایران و آمریکا»، پژوهشهای حقوق تطبیقی، دوره 19، شماره 4، 1394.
10. میرمحمدصادقی، حسین، «کنفرانس تخصصی کنوانسیون سازمان ملل در باره موافقت نامه‌های حل و فصل بین‌المللی ناشی از میانجی‌گری (کنوانسیون سنگاپور(»، 22 مهرماه سال 1398، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران. تاریخ دسترسی: 26/07/1398، قابل دسترسی در : http://www. modares. ac. ir/index. jsp?siteid=11&fkeyid=&siteid=11&pageid=28293 &newsview=11556، 1398.
11. نیازی، عباس، «اعتبار امر قضاوت شده در رأی داور»، فصلنامۀ دیدگاههای حقوقی، تاریخ دسترسی: 26/07/1398، قابل دسترسی در: http://jlviews. ujsas. ac. ir/files/site1/ files/x_268. pdf، 1390.
12. Abramson, Hal, New Singapore Convention on Cross-Border Mediated Settlements, In Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, London, Oxford University Press, First Edition, 2019.
13. Alexander, Nadja, "A Convention on the enforcement of iMSAs and a new Model", Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: http://mediationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/03/16/convention-enforcement-imsas-new-model-law, 2018.
14. alexander, Nadja, "Ten trends in international mediation", Singapore Academy of Law Journal. V. 31, 2019.
15. Alexander, Nadja. “UNCITRAL and the enforceability of iMSAs: the debate heats up“, Available at:http://mediationblog .kluwerarbitration.com/2016/09/19/uncitralenforceabilityimsasdebateheats/, 2016.
16. Chong, Shou Yu and Steffek Felix, "Enforcement of international settlement agreements resulting from mediation under the Singapore convention Private international law issues in perspective", Singapore Academy of Law Journal. 31, (Special Issue), 1-39. Research Collection School of Law, 2019.
17. Chua, Eunice, "Enforcement of International Mediated Settlement Agreements in Asia: A Path Towards Convergence", 15 Asian International Arbitration Journal, Issue 1, pp. 1–27, 2019(2).
18. Chua, Eunice, "The Singapore convention on mediation – A brighter future for Asian dispute resolution", Asian Journal of International Law. Research Collection School of Law. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/2861, 2019(1).
19. Chua, Eunice. "A Contribution to the Conversation on Mixing the Modes of Mediation and Arbitration: Of Definitional Consistency and Process Structure", Transnational Dispute Management, 1-15. Research Collection School Of Law. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/2771, 2018.
20. Claxton, James M., "The Singapore Convention: Mediation in a New York State of Mind". Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=3416116, 2019.
21. Hadikusumo, Josephine and Chua, Eunice, "Recent developments In international mediation: Singapore’s unique approach, Taipei International Conference on Arbitration and Mediation ", Taipei International Conference on Arbitration and Mediation 2015, September 6-7. Research Collection School of Law, 2015.
22. Kingsley Patrick R. The Singapore Convention on Mediation: Good News for Businesses, Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, 2019.
23. lim, Gloria, "International Commercial Mediation the Singapore Model", Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Vol 31, 2019.
24. Lo, Chang-fa and Jo-Mei M, Winnie, "Draft Convention On Cross-Border Enforcement Of International Mediated Settlement Agreements", Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal, Volume 7, Number 1, 2014.
25. Manukyan, Mushegh, "Singapore Convention Series: A Call for Broad Interpretation of the Singapore Mediation Convention in the Context of Investor-State Disputes", Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: http://mediationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/06/10/ singapore-convention-series-a-call-for-a-broad-interpretation-of-the-singapore-mediation-convention-in-the-context-of-investor-state-disputes, 2019.
26. Mccormick Khory and Ong Sharon S M, "Through The Looking Glass: An Insiders Perspective Into The Making Of The Singapore Convention On Mediation", Singapore Academy of Law Journal. V 31, 2019.
27. McFadden, Danny. The Growing Importance of Regional Mediation Centres in Asia, In Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, First Edition, London, Oxford University Press, 2019.
28. Morris-Sharma, Natalie Y, "constructing the convention on mediation The Chairperson’s Perspective", Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 31, pp 487-519, 2019.
29. Muigua, Kariuki, "The Singapore Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation: Challenges and Prospects for African States", Accessed on 2019/10/18, Availabe at: http://kmco. co. ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The-Singapore-Convention-on-International-Settlement-Agreements-Resulting-from-Mediation-Kariuki-Muigua-April-2019. pdf, 2019.
30. Nolan-Haley, Jacqueline M. “Judicial Review of Mediated Settlement Agreements: Improving Mediation with Consent“, 5 Y.B. Arb. & Mediation, 152, 2013.
31. Quek Anderson, Dorcas. "Supporting party autonomy in the enforcement of cross-border mediated settlement agreements: A brave new world or unchartered territory?. Privatizing dispute resolution: Trends and limits", 18, 349-392. Research Collection School Of Law. Available at: https://ink. library. smu. edu. sg/sol_research/2909, 2019.
32. Reif, Linda C. “Conciliation As a Mechanism for the Resolution of International Economic and Business Disputes” 14 Fordham Int’l LJ 578, 1990.
33. Reinisch, August, "Elements of Conciliation in Dispute Settlement Procedures in Conciliation in International Law", Christian Tomuschat, Riccardo Pisillo Mazzeschi & Daniel Thürer eds, 2017.
34. Rooney Kim M. "Turning The Rivalrous Relations Between Arbitration And Mediation Into Cooperative Or Convergent Modes Of A Dispute Settlement Mechanism For Commercial Disputes In East Asia", Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal Volume 12 Number 1, 2019.
35. Rovine, Arthur W, "Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation", the Fordham Papers, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 2010.
36. Schnabel, Timothy, "The Singapore convention on mediation: framework for the cross-border recognition and enforcement of mediated settlements". Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 19(A), 1-60, 2019.
37. Sim, Christine, "Conciliation of investor–state disputes, Arb-con-arb, and The Singapore Convention", Singapore Academy of Law Journal. V 31, 2019.
38. Stitt, Allan J. Mediation: A Practical Guide, First published, Great Britain, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2004.
39. Strong, S. I, Applying the Lessons of International Commercial Arbitration to International Commercial Mediation A Dispute System Design Analysis, In Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, London, Oxford University Press, First Edition, 2019.
40. Strong, S. I., "Beyond International Commercial Arbitration? The Promise of International Commercial Mediation". 45 Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 11; University of Missouri School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series No. 2013-21, 2014.
41. Sudborough, Calliope M, Mediating Sovereign Debt Disputes, In Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, London, Oxford University Press, First Edition, 2019.
42. Sun, Wei, "Harmonization of China’s Legal System with the Convention: Suggestions for the Implementation of the Convention in China (Part 1) ", Accessed on 2019/10/18, Available at: http://mediationblog. kluwerarbitration.com/2019/03/02/singaporeconventionseriesharmonizationofchinaslegalsysemwiththeconventionsuggestionsfortheimplementationoftheconventioninchinapart1, 2019.
43. Sussman Edna, "The Singapore Convention Promoting the Enforcement and Recognition of International Mediated Settlement Agreements", Icc Dispute Resolution Bulletin, Issue 3, 2018.
44. Titi, Catharine. Mediation and the Settlement of International Investment Disputes Between Utopia and Realism, In Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, First Edition, London, Oxford University Press, 2019.
45. Uncitral, "Audio Recordings: U. N. Comm'n on Int'l Trade Law, 47th Session", Accessed on 2019/10/18, available at: https://icms. unov. org/CarbonWeb/public/uncitral/speakerslog/4f35457d-6900-4492-9266-d503badlOf7c, 2014.
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47. Uncitral, "Audio Recordings: Working Group HI (Dispute Settlement), 65th Session", Sept. 16, 2016, Accessed on 2019/10/18, available at: https://icms. unov. org/CarbonWeb/public/uncitral/speakerslog/aa875fca-el3c- 49db-83f7-820bbe6dfe74, 2016.
48. Vanišová, Veronika, "Current Issues in International Commercial Mediation: Short Note on the Nature of Agreement Resulting from Mediation in the light of the Singapore Convention", Charles University In Prague Faculty Of Law, Prague Law Working Paper Series, Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=3413560, 2019.
