مطالعه تطبیقی معیارهای اطلاعرسانی مخاطرات درمانی به بیمار در حقوق آمریکا، فرانسه، انگلستان و ایران
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
2
استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
3
دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
4
استادیار گروه اخلاق پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی شیراز، شیراز، ایران
چکیده
بر اساس اصول حاکم بر حقوق پزشکی مداخله پزشک در درمان بیمار مستلزم اخذ رضایت آگاهانه از بیمار است. این رضایت زمانی حاصل میشود که بیمار با داشتن اطلاع کافی از روند درمانی و مخاطرات آن، رضایت خود را ابراز نموده باشد. در این مطالعه، به روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با رویکرد تطبیقی در حقوق آمریکا و فرانسه، به این سؤال پاسخ داده میشود که پزشک چه مخاطراتی را باید به بیمار اطلاعرسانی نماید. با وجود رویکردهای مختلف، دو معیار اصلی «مهم بودن خطر» و «احتمال وقوع خطر» اساسیترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر تعیین دامنه تعهد پزشک در اطلاعرسانی مخاطرات درمان میباشد. در حقوق فرانسه بر مبنای اقسام ریسک، مخاطرات «جدی» و «شایع»، به‌عنوان موضوع تعهد پزشک به اطلاعرسانی شناخته میشود، لیکن در حقوق آمریکا بر اساس رویکرد مبتنی بر دیدگاه بیمار و با معیار نوعی، پزشک موظف به اطلاعرسانی مخاطراتی است که با توجه به «شدت مخاطره» و «درصد احتمال وقوع آن» نوعاً از دیدگاه بیمار، مهم و اساسی است. رویکرد نوین حقوق انگلستان نیز رویکردی تلفیقی مبتنی بر «تعامل فعالانه پزشک و بیمار» است که به دلیل توجه به ویژگیها و شرایط خاص بیمار تحت درمان، حداکثر کارایی برای تحقق رضایت آگاهانه را به همراه دارد. همین رویکرد در حقوق ایران نیز پیشنهاد میشود، بدین معنی که پزشک قبل از انجام درمان، با بررسی وضعیت، روحیات و دیدگاههای بیمار، در یک تعامل فعالانه، مخاطرات مهم از دیدگاه بیمار را تشخیص دهد و در مواردی که دسترسی به دیدگاه بیمار میسر نشد، از معیار بیمار متعارف استفاده نماید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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17. Nematollahi, M.; Sakhdari, A. (2015) “Amount of Obtained Informed Consent from the Hospitalized Patient to Selected Hospitals in Shiraz City”, Modiriyat-e Ettela’at-e Salamt, 11(6):689-98. [Persian].
18. Parsapoor, M.B.; Ghasemzadeh, S.R. (2011) “Legal and Jurisprudential Study of Patient’s Informed Consent and Physician’s Duty of Notification: A Comparison between Iranian, English and French Law”, IJME, 5(1):39-50. [Persian].
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25. Taghaddosinejad, F.; Akhlaghi, M.; Yaghmaei, A.; Hojjati, A. (2008) “A Survey of Obtaining Informed Consent and Acquit from Admitted Patients in Emam Khomeini Hospital”, Pezeshki-ye Ghanooni-ye Iran, 14(1):12-7. [Persian].
26. Taylor, S. (2012) “Cross-border Patients and Informed Choices on Treatment in English and French Law and the Patients’ Rights Directive”, European Journal of Health Law, 19(5):467-84.
27. Terrion, H. (1993) “Informed Choice: Physicians’ Duty Disclose Nonreadily Available Alternative”, Case Western Reserve Law Review,43(2):491-523.
28. Thouvenin, D. (2001) “Scope of a Reversal of Case-Law Concerning the Physician's Duty to Inform”, Rec Dalloz, 43(1):3470-7. [French].
29. Vansweevelt, T.; Glover-Thomas, N. (2020) Informed Consent and Health: A Global Analysis, 1st ed., England: Edward Elgar Publishing.
30. Vialla, F. (2013) “Nature of the Liability and Damage Repairable in Case of Failure in the Delivery of Health Information”, Médecine & Droit, 1(120):57-64. [French].
2. Bert D. (2010) “The Light of Judgment Mercier!”, Rec Dalloz, 28(7433):1801-2. [French].
3. Ciortea A.E. (2017) “What Medical Risks Should Physicians Disclose to their Patients? Towards a Better Standard in American and French Medical Malpractice Law”, J Civ L Stud.,10:173-221.
4. Debarre J-M. (2017) “Consent to Medical Care in Law. An Overview”, Médecine & Droit, (144):57-69. [French].
5. Ghafourian, M.; Safaei, S.; Abbasi, M. (2018) “Analyzing Role of Patient Autonomy in Informed Consent”, Akhlagh-e Zisti, 8(29):43-51. [Persian].
6. Grzegorz Mazur, O.P (2012) Informed Consent, Proxy Consent, and Catholic Bioethics: For the Good of the Subject, 1st ed. Netherlands: Springer.
7. G'Sell-Macrez, F. (2011) “Medical Malpractice and Compensation in France: Part I: the French Rules of Medical Liability Since the Patients' Rights Law of March 4, 2002”, Chi-Kent L Rev, 86(3):1093-123.
8. Heywood, R.; MacAskill, A.; Williams, K. (2010) “Informed Consent in Hospital Practice: Health Professionals’ Perspectives and Legal Reflections”, Medical Law Review, 18(2):152-84.
9. Heywood, R. (2005) “Excessive Risk Disclosure: The Effects of the Law in Medical Practice”, Medical Law International, 7(2):93-112.
10. Hostiuc, S.; Buda, O. (2019) The Age of Informed Consent: A European History, 1st ed., England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
11. Joodaki, B.; Khaleghi, A. (2012) “Patient’s Consent, Legal Conditions and their Criminal Protection”, IJME., 5(6):14-26. [Persian]
12. Jourdain, P. (2010) “Failure to Comply with the Duty to Information Medical Causes Damage that Must be Repaired (Reversal of Jurisprudence)”, RTD Civ., 3(1):559-80. [French].
13. Katz, J. (2002) The Silent World of Doctor and Patient, 1st Revised ed., Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
14. Le Goues, M. (2015) The Consent of Patient in Health Law, Avignon: Avignon University. [French].
15. Lotfi, E. (2009) “From Informed Consent to Knowingly Choosing: A Study on the Commitment to Information Delivery in Physician-Patient Relationship”, Hoghoogh-e Pezeshki, 3(11):39-73. [Persian].
16. NasrollahiShahri, O.; Mobayen, H. (2020) “Basics of the Physician's Duty of Notification to Patient about the Risks of Treatment”, Akhlagh-e Pezeshki, 14(45):1-15. [Persian].
17. Nematollahi, M.; Sakhdari, A. (2015) “Amount of Obtained Informed Consent from the Hospitalized Patient to Selected Hospitals in Shiraz City”, Modiriyat-e Ettela’at-e Salamt, 11(6):689-98. [Persian].
18. Parsapoor, M.B.; Ghasemzadeh, S.R. (2011) “Legal and Jurisprudential Study of Patient’s Informed Consent and Physician’s Duty of Notification: A Comparison between Iranian, English and French Law”, IJME, 5(1):39-50. [Persian].
19. Piper Jr., A. (1994) “Truce on the Battlefield: A Proposal for a Different Approach to Medical Informed Consent”, The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 22(4):301-313.
20. Porcher, R. (2019) “Consent and Medical Law”, Médecine & Droit, 1(154):8-19. [French].
21. Sargos, P. (2010) “Two “Historic” Judgments in Terms of General Medical Liability and Specific Liability Linked to a Doctor's Failure of his Duty to Inform”, Rec Dalloz, 24(7429):1522-6. [French].
22. Shah, P.; Thornton, I.; Turrin, D. (2020) Hipskind JE. Informed Consent, Florida: StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).
23. Shandell, R.E.; Schulman, F.A.; Smith, P. (2018) The Preparation and Trial of Medical Malpractice Cases, 1st Revised ed., New York: Law Journal Press.
24. Sheikh Taheri, A.; Farzandipour, M. (2008) “Quality of Informed Consent Process in Inpatients Undergoing Surgery”, Pezeshki-ye Ghanooni-ye Iran, 14(3):151-8. [Persian].
25. Taghaddosinejad, F.; Akhlaghi, M.; Yaghmaei, A.; Hojjati, A. (2008) “A Survey of Obtaining Informed Consent and Acquit from Admitted Patients in Emam Khomeini Hospital”, Pezeshki-ye Ghanooni-ye Iran, 14(1):12-7. [Persian].
26. Taylor, S. (2012) “Cross-border Patients and Informed Choices on Treatment in English and French Law and the Patients’ Rights Directive”, European Journal of Health Law, 19(5):467-84.
27. Terrion, H. (1993) “Informed Choice: Physicians’ Duty Disclose Nonreadily Available Alternative”, Case Western Reserve Law Review,43(2):491-523.
28. Thouvenin, D. (2001) “Scope of a Reversal of Case-Law Concerning the Physician's Duty to Inform”, Rec Dalloz, 43(1):3470-7. [French].
29. Vansweevelt, T.; Glover-Thomas, N. (2020) Informed Consent and Health: A Global Analysis, 1st ed., England: Edward Elgar Publishing.
30. Vialla, F. (2013) “Nature of the Liability and Damage Repairable in Case of Failure in the Delivery of Health Information”, Médecine & Droit, 1(120):57-64. [French].
