تحلیل مفهوم، وضعیت و ماهیت شرط خرید حق خروج در قرارداد استخدام بازیکن حرفه‌ای فوتبال در مقررات فیفا و حقوق ایران
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
دانشیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
2
3. دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل، گروه حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل و انرژی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
چکیده
به موجب شرط خرید حق خروج در ازای پرداخت مبلغ مندرج در شرط در وجه باشگاه، بازیکن می‌تواند پیش از انقضای مدت و بدون ارائه هرگونه دلیل قرارداد استخدامی خود را فسخ کند. شناخت وضعیت و ماهیت حقوقی این شرط در مقررات فیفا و حقوق ایران، مسئله اصلی پژوهش حاضر است. علی‌رغم معتبربودن استعمال شرط در مقررات فیفا، نزد مراجع حل‌وفصل بین‌المللی اختلافات ورزشی، نظرات مختلفی پیرامون ماهیت آن مطرح شده است. برخی، آن را «شرط جبران خسارت» و مبلغ شرط را نیز «وجه التزام» و مشمول ممنوعیت وجه التزام گزاف و ناعادلانه می‌دانند. از نظر برخی دیگر، ماهیت شرط، نوعی شرط خیار معوض است که مبلغ شرط، عوض آن است. نظر اخیر، در حال حاضر نظر برگزیده فیفا است. در ایران، علی‌الاصول، شرط خرید حق خروج معتبر و صحیح است اما طبق «دستورالعمل ثبت قراردادها»، مصوب سازمان لیگ فوتبال ایران برای فصل 1403-1402، استفاده از این شرط در قرارداد بازیکنان ایرانی ممنوع است. در پرتو روش تحلیلی و توصیف ماهوی روابط ناشی از این شرط، به نظر می‌رسد ماهیت شرط خرید حق خروج نوعی شرط خیار (حق فسخ) معلق و معوض است و معلق‌علیه در آن پرداخت عوض (مبلغ شرط) است. این حق به موجب شرط کارسازی می‌شود ولی فعلیت و امکان اجرای آن به بازپرداخت مبلغ شرط، منوط و معلق شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
A)Books
20.Emami, H. (2005). Civil Law, Tehran: Eslamiyeh. [Persian]
21.Eskandari, A. (2017). Sports Law and employment contracts related dispute resolution, Tehran: Khorsandi. [Persian]
22.Geey, D. (2019). Done Deal An Insider's Guide to Football Contracts, Multi-Million Pound Transfers and Premier League Big Business, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
23.Jafari Langroudi, M. (2002). Mabsoot, Tehran: Gandj-e-Danesh. [Persian]
24.Katouzian, N. (2004). Civil Law: General Principles of Conracts V4, Tehran: Sahami-e-Enteshar. [Persian]
25.Mohaghegh Damad, M. (2017). General Theory of Conditions and Obligations in Islamic Law V1, Tehran: Oloum-e-Eslami. [Persian]
26.O'Leary, Leanne (2017), Employment and Labour Relations Law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby :union:, Netherlands: Asser Press.
27.Shahidi, M. (2002). Soghoot Taahodat [Resolution of Obligations], Tehran: Madjd. [Persian]
28.Shiravi, A. (2021). Law of Contracts, Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
29.Vakil, A. (2022). Global Law of Football, Tehran: Madjd. [Persian]
B)Articles
30.Adel, Morteza (2001). “Agreement on damages in contracts”, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences Journal, 813, 77-112. [Persian]
31.Aziziyani, Majid (2023). “The fundamental distinction of the option of lifelong condition with similar institutions with judicial procedure analysis”, Private Law Research, 41, 159-180. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2023.65440.2638 [Persian]
32.Baily, Baily (2019). "How FIFA's Banishment of Third-Party Ownership Runs Counter to European :union: Law and Has Tarnished the Once Beautiful Game", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol.52, pp.179-228.
33.Czarnota, Paul (2013). “FIFA Transfer Rules and Unilateral Termination without Just Cause”, Berkeley Journal of Entertainment and Sports Law, vol.2, pp.1-47.
34.Eskini, Rabia (1988). “Liquidation Damage in International Commercial Contracts”, Agreement on damages in contracts. International Law Review, vol.8, 41-92. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22066/CILAMAG.1988.18383 [Persian]
35.Gomtsian, S. and Annemarie B. and Branislav H. and Kirman, Oguz (2018). "Between the Green Pitch and the Red Tape: The Private Legal Order of FIFA", Yale Journal of International Law, vol.43, pp.85-142.
36.Giancaspro, Mark (2016). “Buy-out clauses in professional football player contracts: questions of legality and integrity”, Springer International Sports Law Journal, vol.16, pp.22–36.
37.Izanlou, M. and Mokarrami, H (2017). “Non-Penalty Clause in Contract”, Judgement Quarterly, vol.87, pp.59-74. [Persian]
38.Saeidi, Mohammad and Razeghian, Matin (2018). “Legal Analysis of Applying Option of Condition, Termination and Dissolving Condition in B.O.T Contract”, Private Law Studies Quarterly, vol.3, pp.473-489. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2018.224420.1006849 [Persian]
39.Vakil, Amir. and Mazhari, Farzad (2022). “Termination of the employment contract between the club and the professional and its consequences with emphasis on FIFA rules and jurisprudence of sports law”, Legal Research Quarterly, vol.99, pp.265-292. DOI:https://doi.org/10.52547/JLR.2022.228868.2318 [Persian]
40.Vaseghi, Mohsen. And Karimi, Abbas (2020). “The comparative study of the effect of not mentioning period of time in option of condition for contracting in Islamic religions”, Judicial Law Review, vol.25, pp.275-298. [Persian]
C)Thesis
41.Nematollahi, M. (2010). The Agreement of Sport Clubs with Professional Players, M.A. Thesis in Private Law, Faculty of Law & Political Science, Shiraz University [Persian]
D)Awards (All issued by the CAS)
42.CAS2007/A/1359, 2008.
43.CAS2008/A/1568, 2008.
44.CAS2010/A/2098, 2010.
45.CAS2012/A/2847, 2013.
46.CAS2013/A/3411, 2014.
47.CAS2014/A/3707, 2015.
48.CAS2014/A/3739 & 3749, 2015.
49.CAS2016/A/4826, 2017.
50.CAS2016/A/4550 & 4576, 2016.
51.CAS2017/A/5242 (Esteghlal Tehran v. Pero-Pejic), 2018.
52.CAS2018/A/6017, 2019.
53.CAS2019/A/6246, 2020.
54.CAS2019/A/6337, 2020.
55.CAS2020/A/7527 (Tractor Tabriz v. Kévin-Fortuné), 2021.
E)Laws, Rules, Regulations and Legal Documents
56.FIFA Regulations on the Status of Transfer of Players, 2022 Edition.
57.Commentary on Regulations on the Status of Transfer of Players, 2021 Edition.
58.Charte du Football Professionnel, as of 1 July 2022. (France)
59.FIFA Statutes, May 2021 Edition.
60.Swiss Code of Obligations, January 1912, Current version as of 1 April 2020 (Switzerland)
61.Spanish Real Decreto (Royal Decree) No.1006/1985. (Spain)
F)Internet Resources
62.Alvaro, Martinez, and Lacalle, Inigo, »The legal nature of buy-out clauses in Spain«, 2021:https://www.sennferrero.com/2021/07/15/the-legal-nature-of-buy-out-clauses-in-spain-revisited/,
63.Laurance, Julian, »Neymar: how the record-breaking €222m move to PSG unfolded«, 2017:https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/04/neymar-how-record-breaking-move-to-psg-unfolded, (آخرین بازدید 16 شهریور 1402).
64.»Most expensive soccer transfers worldwide as of February 2023«, 2023:https://www.statista.com/statistics/263304/transfer-fees-the-10-most-expensive-transfers-in-soccer-ever/,
65.»How do Spanish football buyout clauses work?«, 2017:https://amp.france24.com/en/20170802-how-do-spanish-football-buyout-clauses-work,
66. https://iranleague.ir/fa/News/Detail/155964/-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D8%B4%D8%AF
67.McCarty, Niall, »Juventus Have Sold $60 Million Of Ronaldo Jerseys In 24 Hours«, 2018:https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/07/20/juventus-have-sold-60-million-of-ronaldo-jerseys-in-24-hours-infographic/?sh=347751a4392b
68.Dunne, Robbie, »Cristiano Ronaldo's €1bn release clause was 'not there to be paid'-Real Madrid president«, 2018:https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37561958/cristiano-ronaldo-1bn-release-clause-was-not-there-paid-real-madrid-president?platform=amp
20.Emami, H. (2005). Civil Law, Tehran: Eslamiyeh. [Persian]
21.Eskandari, A. (2017). Sports Law and employment contracts related dispute resolution, Tehran: Khorsandi. [Persian]
22.Geey, D. (2019). Done Deal An Insider's Guide to Football Contracts, Multi-Million Pound Transfers and Premier League Big Business, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
23.Jafari Langroudi, M. (2002). Mabsoot, Tehran: Gandj-e-Danesh. [Persian]
24.Katouzian, N. (2004). Civil Law: General Principles of Conracts V4, Tehran: Sahami-e-Enteshar. [Persian]
25.Mohaghegh Damad, M. (2017). General Theory of Conditions and Obligations in Islamic Law V1, Tehran: Oloum-e-Eslami. [Persian]
26.O'Leary, Leanne (2017), Employment and Labour Relations Law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby :union:, Netherlands: Asser Press.
27.Shahidi, M. (2002). Soghoot Taahodat [Resolution of Obligations], Tehran: Madjd. [Persian]
28.Shiravi, A. (2021). Law of Contracts, Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
29.Vakil, A. (2022). Global Law of Football, Tehran: Madjd. [Persian]
B)Articles
30.Adel, Morteza (2001). “Agreement on damages in contracts”, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences Journal, 813, 77-112. [Persian]
31.Aziziyani, Majid (2023). “The fundamental distinction of the option of lifelong condition with similar institutions with judicial procedure analysis”, Private Law Research, 41, 159-180. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2023.65440.2638 [Persian]
32.Baily, Baily (2019). "How FIFA's Banishment of Third-Party Ownership Runs Counter to European :union: Law and Has Tarnished the Once Beautiful Game", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol.52, pp.179-228.
33.Czarnota, Paul (2013). “FIFA Transfer Rules and Unilateral Termination without Just Cause”, Berkeley Journal of Entertainment and Sports Law, vol.2, pp.1-47.
34.Eskini, Rabia (1988). “Liquidation Damage in International Commercial Contracts”, Agreement on damages in contracts. International Law Review, vol.8, 41-92. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22066/CILAMAG.1988.18383 [Persian]
35.Gomtsian, S. and Annemarie B. and Branislav H. and Kirman, Oguz (2018). "Between the Green Pitch and the Red Tape: The Private Legal Order of FIFA", Yale Journal of International Law, vol.43, pp.85-142.
36.Giancaspro, Mark (2016). “Buy-out clauses in professional football player contracts: questions of legality and integrity”, Springer International Sports Law Journal, vol.16, pp.22–36.
37.Izanlou, M. and Mokarrami, H (2017). “Non-Penalty Clause in Contract”, Judgement Quarterly, vol.87, pp.59-74. [Persian]
38.Saeidi, Mohammad and Razeghian, Matin (2018). “Legal Analysis of Applying Option of Condition, Termination and Dissolving Condition in B.O.T Contract”, Private Law Studies Quarterly, vol.3, pp.473-489. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2018.224420.1006849 [Persian]
39.Vakil, Amir. and Mazhari, Farzad (2022). “Termination of the employment contract between the club and the professional and its consequences with emphasis on FIFA rules and jurisprudence of sports law”, Legal Research Quarterly, vol.99, pp.265-292. DOI:https://doi.org/10.52547/JLR.2022.228868.2318 [Persian]
40.Vaseghi, Mohsen. And Karimi, Abbas (2020). “The comparative study of the effect of not mentioning period of time in option of condition for contracting in Islamic religions”, Judicial Law Review, vol.25, pp.275-298. [Persian]
C)Thesis
41.Nematollahi, M. (2010). The Agreement of Sport Clubs with Professional Players, M.A. Thesis in Private Law, Faculty of Law & Political Science, Shiraz University [Persian]
D)Awards (All issued by the CAS)
42.CAS2007/A/1359, 2008.
43.CAS2008/A/1568, 2008.
44.CAS2010/A/2098, 2010.
45.CAS2012/A/2847, 2013.
46.CAS2013/A/3411, 2014.
47.CAS2014/A/3707, 2015.
48.CAS2014/A/3739 & 3749, 2015.
49.CAS2016/A/4826, 2017.
50.CAS2016/A/4550 & 4576, 2016.
51.CAS2017/A/5242 (Esteghlal Tehran v. Pero-Pejic), 2018.
52.CAS2018/A/6017, 2019.
53.CAS2019/A/6246, 2020.
54.CAS2019/A/6337, 2020.
55.CAS2020/A/7527 (Tractor Tabriz v. Kévin-Fortuné), 2021.
E)Laws, Rules, Regulations and Legal Documents
56.FIFA Regulations on the Status of Transfer of Players, 2022 Edition.
57.Commentary on Regulations on the Status of Transfer of Players, 2021 Edition.
58.Charte du Football Professionnel, as of 1 July 2022. (France)
59.FIFA Statutes, May 2021 Edition.
60.Swiss Code of Obligations, January 1912, Current version as of 1 April 2020 (Switzerland)
61.Spanish Real Decreto (Royal Decree) No.1006/1985. (Spain)
F)Internet Resources
62.Alvaro, Martinez, and Lacalle, Inigo, »The legal nature of buy-out clauses in Spain«, 2021:https://www.sennferrero.com/2021/07/15/the-legal-nature-of-buy-out-clauses-in-spain-revisited/,
63.Laurance, Julian, »Neymar: how the record-breaking €222m move to PSG unfolded«, 2017:https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/04/neymar-how-record-breaking-move-to-psg-unfolded, (آخرین بازدید 16 شهریور 1402).
64.»Most expensive soccer transfers worldwide as of February 2023«, 2023:https://www.statista.com/statistics/263304/transfer-fees-the-10-most-expensive-transfers-in-soccer-ever/,
65.»How do Spanish football buyout clauses work?«, 2017:https://amp.france24.com/en/20170802-how-do-spanish-football-buyout-clauses-work,
66. https://iranleague.ir/fa/News/Detail/155964/-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D8%B4%D8%AF
67.McCarty, Niall, »Juventus Have Sold $60 Million Of Ronaldo Jerseys In 24 Hours«, 2018:https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/07/20/juventus-have-sold-60-million-of-ronaldo-jerseys-in-24-hours-infographic/?sh=347751a4392b
68.Dunne, Robbie, »Cristiano Ronaldo's €1bn release clause was 'not there to be paid'-Real Madrid president«, 2018:https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37561958/cristiano-ronaldo-1bn-release-clause-was-not-there-paid-real-madrid-president?platform=amp
