الگوی یکسان قاعده قضاوت تجاری: مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق انگلیس، آمریکا، استرالیا و ایران
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1
استاد گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
2
دانشجوی دکتری دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
3
استادیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
چکیده
قاعده قضاوت تجاری1 را میتوان به عنوان دکترینی تعریف کرد که در صورتی که مدیران با حسن نیت، با دقت لازم و در چهارچوب اختیارات و وظایف خویش از جمله وظیفه مراقبت و امانت‌داری عمل نمایند از آنها در برابر مسئولیتهای شخصی محافظت مینماید. بر همین اساس در این پژوهش با مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق کشورهای آمریکا، انگلیس، استرالیا و ایران و با تمسک به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، به مدل‌های مختلف کاربرد قاعده قضاوت تجاری اشاره و عواملی را که منجر به کاربرد[1] این مدل‌ها شده‌اند بررسی گردید. در نهایت قائل بر آن شدیم که شانس استفاده از مدل یکنواخت قاعده قضاوت تجاری بسیار کم است؛ لیکن مکانیزم‌های مدرن نظام راهبری شرکتی[2] در زمینه مسئولیت‌پذیری و کارایی اقتصادی سیستم‌های حاکمیت شرکتی[3] را به اجرای یک مدل قانونی یا صریح از کاربرد این قاعده سوق میدهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
الف)کتاب‌ها
1. اسکینی، ربیعا (1392). حقوق تجارت شرکتهای تجاری، تهران، انتشارات سمت، جلد دوم، چاپ شانزدهم.
2. ستوده تهرانی، حسن (1396). حقوق تجارت، تهران، انتشارات دادگستر، جلد دوم.
ب)مقالات
3. باریکلو، علیرضا؛ ساردوئی‌نسب، محمد؛ میرجلیلی، مهدی (1400). «بررسی قاعده اعتبار تصمیم متعارف تجاری مدیران در حقوق حاکم بر شرکت‌ها در امریکا و تطبیق آن با حقوق ایران»، دوفصلنامه علمی حقوق تطبیقی، 8(1)، 87- 110.
4. پاسبان، محمدرضا؛ فرهانی، رسول (1401). «مطالعه تطبیقی مدیران مستقل در حقوق شرکتهای آمریکا و ایران». فصلنامه پژوهشنامه بازرگانی،(102)، 205-226
5. جاوید، معصومه؛ عاشوری، مهدی؛ کاویار، حسین (1400). «محدودیت‌ها و شرایط دعوای مشتق سهامداران اقلیت در حقوق انگلیس و حقوق رومی ژرمن: قانون، رویه و اصلاحات پیشنهادی»، پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی، 5(2)، 91-110.
6. حسینی, پیمان (1395). "مفهوم مدیر عملی و مقایسه مسئولیت او با مدیر قانونی در شرکتهای تجاری (مطالعه تطبیقی بین حقوق ایران و فرانسه)»، پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی،2(1)، 139- 160.
7. سلطانی، محمد؛ غلامی، وحیده (1397). «مسئولیت مدیران در پرتو قاعده قضاوت حرفه ای؛ با تأکید برحقوق ایالت دلور امریکا»، مطالعات حقوقی، 10(3)، 131-157.
8. طهماسبی، علی (1401). «مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی دعوای مشتق چندجانبه در حقوق ایران و انگلیس»،فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،26(4)،87-109.
9. قلی‌نیا، رضا؛ شاهسوندی، اسماعیل؛ بزرگمهر، امیرعباس؛ مشهدی‌زاده، علیرضا(1402). «استقلال مدیران شرکتهای تجاری از اِنگاره تا واقعیت(مطالعه تطبیقی در نظام حقوقی ایاالت متحده آمریکا، انگلستان و ایران(»،فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،27(4)،61-97.
10. موسوی‌مجاب، سیّددُرَید؛ شیرازی‌فردویی، زهرا (1402). «موقعیت اصل حسن‌نیت در فرایند دادرسی کیفری»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،27(2)،77-100.
11. نساری، الناز(1402). «مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتهای فراملی درچهارچوب حقوق بشر از اختیار تا الزام»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،27(2)،40-69.
12. هاشمیان، فخرالسادات؛ عباسپور، عباس؛ رحیمیان، حمید؛ دلاور، علی؛ غیاثی، سعید (1396). «شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود شایستگی مدیران»، فرایند مدیریت توسعه، 30(3)، 161-184.
ج)قوانین
13. قانون تجارت مصوب 1311
14. لایحه قانونی اصلاح قسمتی از قانون تجارت مصوب .1347
15. قانون مدنی
منابع لاتین
A)BOOKS
16. Schneema, Angela (2013). The Law of Corporations and Other Business Organisations, New York, Delmar Cenage.
17. Zhao, Jingchen (2014).Corporate Social Responsibility in Contemporary China, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing https://books.google.com/books?hl=fa&lr=&id=ThOgAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=J.+Zhao,+Corporate+Social+Responsibility+in+Contemporary+China+(+Cheltenham:+Edward+Elgar+Publishing,+2014),+141&ots=Biuh7QNrKc&sig=Z_7mqgZ946qxhkV0BnbtS88Fa1c#v=onepage
B)ARTICLES
18. Abdullah, Khalid Amin & Al-Jafari, Mohamed Khaled (2011). "The Effect of Sarbanes- Oxley Act (SOX) on Corporate Value and Performance", European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, (33), 42-55.
19. A. Eisenberg, Melvin (1998). "WHETHER THE BUSINESS-JUDGMENT RULE SHOULD BE CODIFIED, BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE, vol 28, 33-50. http://www.clrc.ca.gov/pub/BKST/BKST-EisenbergBJR.pdf
20. A. Peeples, Ralph (1985). "Use and Misuse of the Business Judgment Rule in the Close Corporation", NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW,60(3). https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2320&context=ndlr
21. Arsht, S. Samue (1979). "The Business Judgment Rule Revisited", Hofstra Law Review, 8(1), 93-134. https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269&context=hlr
22. Cabrelli, David (2008). "The Reform of the Law of Directors' Duties in UK Company Law", PRESENTATION FOR UNIVERSITÀ BOCCONI ON THE REFORM OF THE LAW OF DIRECTORS’ DUTIES IN UK COMPANY LAW, 1-57.
23. DEMETRA, ARSALIDOU (2003). "Objectivity vs flexibility in civil law jurisdictions and the possible introduction of the business judgment rule in English law". The Company Lawyer, 24 (8), 228-233.
24. Dvorsky, Ján & Gavurová, Beáta & Cepel, Martin & Cervinka, Michal (2020). "Impact of selected economic factors on the business environment: The case of selected east european countries", POLISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 22(2), 96-110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348298110_Impact_of_selected_economic_factors_on_the_business_environment_The_case_of_selected_east_european_countries
25. Gramitto Ricci, Sergio Alberto & Miyairi, Jake (2016). "The Abstract Void in Practice: Has the Statutory Business Judgment Rule Changed the ‘Acoustic Separation’ Between Conduct and Decision Rules for Directors’ Duty of Care?", Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 17-18, 1-21. https://irlaw.umkc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1767&context=faculty_works
26. Gurrea-Martínez, Aurelio (2018). "Re-examining the law and economics of the business judgment rule: notes for its implementation in nonUS jurisdictions", Harvard Law School, Program on International Financial Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA, Journal of Corporate Law Studies. 18, (2), 417-438 https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4927&context=sol_research
27. Hargovan, Anil & du Plessis, Jean (2014). "Re-assessment of the Statutory Business Judgment Rule in Australia - The Case for Law Reform", CORPORATE LAW TEACHERS ASSOCIATION - BRIEFING PARLIAMENTARY JOINT COMMITTEE ON CORPORATIONS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES, Oversight of ASIC, the Takeove), 1-11. .https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348298110_Impact_of_selected_economic_factors_on_the_business_environment_The_case_of_selected_east_european_countries.
28. I. Steinberg, Marc (1983). "The American Law Institute's Draft Restatement on Corporate Governance: The Business Judgment Rule, Related Principles, and Some General Observations", UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI LAW REVIEW, 37(2). 295-317. https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2279&context=umlr
29. J. Rhee, Robert (2013). "The Tort Foundation of Duty of Care and Business Judgment", notre dame law review,88(3). 1139-1198. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=ndlr
30. Kamar, Ehud & Karaca-Mandic, Pinar & L. Talley, Eric (2007). "Sarbanes-Oxle Sarbanes-Oxley's Effects on Small Firms: What is the E ects on Small Firms: What is the Evidence?", USC CLEO RESEARCH PAPER NO. C07-9; USC LAW LEGAL STUDIES PAPER NO. 07-8; HARVARD LAW & ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 588. 1-36. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2479&context=faculty_scholarship
31. Keay, Andrew & Loughrey, Joan & McNulty, Terry & Okanigbuan, Francis (2019). "Business Judgment and Director Accountability: A Study of Case-law Over Time+", Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 20(2):1-29 https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3065875/1/Case-Law%20Over%20time%20JCLS%20Sub%20anon%20submission%20%28graphs%20as%20jpegs%29Final%20%28002%29.pdf
32. Knowles, Marjorie Fine & Flannery, Colin (1995). "The ALI Principles of Corporate Governance Compared with Georgia Law", Mercer Law Review: 47(1), 1-39. https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=jour_mlr
33. LASTER, J. TRAVIS (2008). "GOODBYE TO THE CONTEMPORANEOUS OWNERSHIP REQUIREMENT", DELAWARE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE LAW, 33(3), 673-694. https://www.djcl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Goodbye-to-the-Contemporaneous-Ownership-Requirement.pdf
34. M. Bainbridge, Stephen (2004). "The Business Judgment Rule as Abstention Doctrine", VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW, 57(1).83-130. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=vlr
35. M. Branson, Douglas (1986). "The American Law Institute Principles Of Corporate Governance And The Derivative Action: A View From The Other Side", WASHINGTON AND LEE LAW REVIEW, 43(2), 399-428. https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2857&context=wlulr
36. M. Branson, Douglas (2002). "The Rule that Isn't a Rule - the Business Judgment Rule", VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, Vol. 36. 631-654. https://scholarship.law.pitt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1232&context=fac_articles
37. M. Branson, Douglas (2011)." A Business Judgment Rule Incorporating jurisdictions in Asia", Singapore Academy of law Journal, 23 SACLJ, 687-713.https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal-Special-Issue/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/513/ArticleId/344/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF
38. McMillan, Lori (2013). "The Business Judgment Rule as an Immunity Doctrine, WILLIAM & MARY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW, 4(2). 521-574. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=wmblr
39. Riley, Christopher A (1999)."The Company Director's Duty of Care and Skill: The Case for an Onerous but Subjective Standard’", Modern Law Review, 62.1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=214149
40. S.SHARFMAN, BERNARD (2017)."THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE", JOURNAL OF LAW & BUSINESS, 14(1), 27-69.
41. Thai, Lang (2013). "Calling for reform to the statutory derivative action in Australia: Critical analysis and suggestions for reform", Insolvency Law Journal, 21(4), 242-262. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2982908.
C)Theses
42. Al Ahmary, Hussam (2018). Does Saudi Corporate Governance attain International Standards using the UK Best Practice as an Exemplar, A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law, University of London. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/23224/1/Al%20Ahmary,%20Hussam_Redacted.pdf
43. MAHARAJ, NITHEN (2015). A discussion on the duty of care, skill and diligence to be exercised by a director in light of the Companies Act 71 of 2008, as well as the common law and an overview of the business judgement rule: A company law perspective, Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Laws, coursework masters. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/daf84de4-53b0-443c-8111-d208e5cfedb8/content
44. Murisa Mupangavanhu, Brighton (2016). DIRECTORS’ STANDARDS OF CARE, SKILL, DILIGENCE, AND THE BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE IN VIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA’S COMPANIES ACT 71 OF 2008: FUTURE IMPLICATIONS FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY: COMMERCIAL LAW In the Faculty of Law, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN, https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/44105ff7-4454-4789-9b06-5059f2ef9347/content
D)Websites
45. Allens (3 December 2020). Australian Institute of Company Directors Advice regarding the business judgment rule. Last seen at 2024/07/11. https://www.aicd.com.au/content/dam/aicd/pdf/news-media/research/2021/advice-regarding-business-judgment-rule.pdf
46. Badawi, Adam B. (May 31, 2023), The Business Judgment Rule, Last seen at 2024/03/07. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4465571
47. Economic Policy Reform and Australia’s Recent Economic Performance, from Budget Paper No.1: Budget Strategy and Outlook 1999-2000. LAST SEEN AT 2024/07/11. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/round3-3.pdf
48. mia, md. Suhel (2015). Critically examine the seven general duties of the directors under Company Act 2006, (November 10, 2014). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2602321 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2602321. LAST SEEN AT 2024/07/11.
49. Economic Policy Reform and Australia’s Recent Economic Performance, from Budget Paper No.1: Budget Strategy and Outlook 1999-2000. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/round3-3.pdf
E)Cases
50. Aronson v Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del.1984)
51. Bodell v. General Gas Electric Corporation, 15 Del.Ch. 420 (1927)
52. Cede & Co. v. Technicolor,Inc, Supreme Court of Delaware 634 A.2d 345 (1994)
53. Daniels v AWA Ltd (1995) 37 NSWLR 438
54. Godbold v Branch Bank,11 Ala. 191 (1847)
55. Joy v. North, 692 F.2d 880 (2d Cir. 1982)
56. Percy v Millaudon, 8 Mart (n s) 68 (1829)
57. Smith v. Van Gorkom 488 A.2d 858 (Del. 1985)
58. Re Brazilian Rubber Plantation and Estate Ltd (1911) 1 Ch, 425
59. Re Cardiff Savings Bank, 2 Ch 100 (1892)
60. Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co, Ch 407 at 429 is a UK company law (1925)
61. Zapata Corp v. Maldonado 430 A 2d 779 (Del. 1981)
F)ACTS
62. Corporations Act 2001)Australia)
63. American Law Institute(ALI),1923(United States)
64. Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002(United States)
65. Insolvency Act 1986(UNITED KINGDOM)
66. Companies act 2006(UNITED KINGDOM)
67. Companies act 1985(UNITED KINGDOM)
persian translate to english
1. Skini, Rabia (2012). Commercial law of commercial companies, Tehran, Samit Publications, Volume II, 16th edition.
2. Sotoudeh Tehrani, Hassan (2016). Business Law, Tehran, Judges Publications, second volume.
b) Articles
3. Bariklo, Alireza; Sardoueinasa, Mohammad; Mirjalili, Mehdi (1400). " The Study of the Business Judgment Rule in Americans Corporate Law and its Comparison with Iranian 's Law ", The Journal of Comparative law, 8(1), 87-110
4. pasban, Mohammad Reza; Farhani, Rasool (1401). " A Comparative Study of Independent Directors in American and Iranian Corporate Law". Commercial Research Quarterly, (102), 205-226
5. Javid, Masoumeh; Ashuri, Mehdi; Kaviar, Hossein (1400). " Restrictions and Conditions of Minority Derivative Litigation in British and RomanGerman Law: Proposed law, procedure and amendments", Comparative Law Biquarterly, 5(2), 91-110.
6. Hosseini, Peiman (2015). " The notion of de facto director and comparison of his liability with a de jure director in the commercial companies (a comparative study of Iran and French law)", Comparative Law Biquarterly, 2(1), 139-160.
7. Soltani, Mohammad; Gholami, Vahidah (2017). " Directors ‘Liability in Light of Business Judgment Rule, with emphasis on Delaware’s Laws.", Legal Studies, 10(3), 131-157.
8. Tahmasebi, Ali (1401). " Comparative Study of Multiple Derivative Claim in Iranian and English Law", Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 26(4), 87-109.
9. qholinia, Reza; Shahsundi, Ismail; Bazar Mehr, Amir Abbas; Mashhadizadeh, Alireza (1402). "Independence of managers of commercial companies from perception to reality (a comparative study in the legal system of the United States of America, England and Iran"), Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 27(4), 61-97.
10. Mousavi Mojab, Seyed Dorid; Shirazi Fardowii, Zahra (1402). "The position of the principle of good faith in the criminal proceedings", Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 27(2), 77-100.
11. Nasari, Elnaz (1402). "Social responsibility of transnational companies in the framework of human rights from discretion to obligation", Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 27(2), 40-69.
12. Hashemian, Fakhralsadat; Abbaspour, Abbas; Rahimian, Hamid; Delaware, Ali; Ghayashi, Saeed (2016). "Identification of effective factors on improving the competence of managers", Development Management Process, 30(3), 161-184.
c) Laws
13. Trade Law approved in 1311
14. The legal bill to amend a part of the Trade Law approved in 1347
15. Civil law
1. اسکینی، ربیعا (1392). حقوق تجارت شرکتهای تجاری، تهران، انتشارات سمت، جلد دوم، چاپ شانزدهم.
2. ستوده تهرانی، حسن (1396). حقوق تجارت، تهران، انتشارات دادگستر، جلد دوم.
ب)مقالات
3. باریکلو، علیرضا؛ ساردوئی‌نسب، محمد؛ میرجلیلی، مهدی (1400). «بررسی قاعده اعتبار تصمیم متعارف تجاری مدیران در حقوق حاکم بر شرکت‌ها در امریکا و تطبیق آن با حقوق ایران»، دوفصلنامه علمی حقوق تطبیقی، 8(1)، 87- 110.
4. پاسبان، محمدرضا؛ فرهانی، رسول (1401). «مطالعه تطبیقی مدیران مستقل در حقوق شرکتهای آمریکا و ایران». فصلنامه پژوهشنامه بازرگانی،(102)، 205-226
5. جاوید، معصومه؛ عاشوری، مهدی؛ کاویار، حسین (1400). «محدودیت‌ها و شرایط دعوای مشتق سهامداران اقلیت در حقوق انگلیس و حقوق رومی ژرمن: قانون، رویه و اصلاحات پیشنهادی»، پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی، 5(2)، 91-110.
6. حسینی, پیمان (1395). "مفهوم مدیر عملی و مقایسه مسئولیت او با مدیر قانونی در شرکتهای تجاری (مطالعه تطبیقی بین حقوق ایران و فرانسه)»، پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی،2(1)، 139- 160.
7. سلطانی، محمد؛ غلامی، وحیده (1397). «مسئولیت مدیران در پرتو قاعده قضاوت حرفه ای؛ با تأکید برحقوق ایالت دلور امریکا»، مطالعات حقوقی، 10(3)، 131-157.
8. طهماسبی، علی (1401). «مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی دعوای مشتق چندجانبه در حقوق ایران و انگلیس»،فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،26(4)،87-109.
9. قلی‌نیا، رضا؛ شاهسوندی، اسماعیل؛ بزرگمهر، امیرعباس؛ مشهدی‌زاده، علیرضا(1402). «استقلال مدیران شرکتهای تجاری از اِنگاره تا واقعیت(مطالعه تطبیقی در نظام حقوقی ایاالت متحده آمریکا، انگلستان و ایران(»،فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،27(4)،61-97.
10. موسوی‌مجاب، سیّددُرَید؛ شیرازی‌فردویی، زهرا (1402). «موقعیت اصل حسن‌نیت در فرایند دادرسی کیفری»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،27(2)،77-100.
11. نساری، الناز(1402). «مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتهای فراملی درچهارچوب حقوق بشر از اختیار تا الزام»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی،27(2)،40-69.
12. هاشمیان، فخرالسادات؛ عباسپور، عباس؛ رحیمیان، حمید؛ دلاور، علی؛ غیاثی، سعید (1396). «شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود شایستگی مدیران»، فرایند مدیریت توسعه، 30(3)، 161-184.
ج)قوانین
13. قانون تجارت مصوب 1311
14. لایحه قانونی اصلاح قسمتی از قانون تجارت مصوب .1347
15. قانون مدنی
منابع لاتین
A)BOOKS
16. Schneema, Angela (2013). The Law of Corporations and Other Business Organisations, New York, Delmar Cenage.
17. Zhao, Jingchen (2014).Corporate Social Responsibility in Contemporary China, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing https://books.google.com/books?hl=fa&lr=&id=ThOgAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=J.+Zhao,+Corporate+Social+Responsibility+in+Contemporary+China+(+Cheltenham:+Edward+Elgar+Publishing,+2014),+141&ots=Biuh7QNrKc&sig=Z_7mqgZ946qxhkV0BnbtS88Fa1c#v=onepage
B)ARTICLES
18. Abdullah, Khalid Amin & Al-Jafari, Mohamed Khaled (2011). "The Effect of Sarbanes- Oxley Act (SOX) on Corporate Value and Performance", European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, (33), 42-55.
19. A. Eisenberg, Melvin (1998). "WHETHER THE BUSINESS-JUDGMENT RULE SHOULD BE CODIFIED, BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE, vol 28, 33-50. http://www.clrc.ca.gov/pub/BKST/BKST-EisenbergBJR.pdf
20. A. Peeples, Ralph (1985). "Use and Misuse of the Business Judgment Rule in the Close Corporation", NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW,60(3). https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2320&context=ndlr
21. Arsht, S. Samue (1979). "The Business Judgment Rule Revisited", Hofstra Law Review, 8(1), 93-134. https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269&context=hlr
22. Cabrelli, David (2008). "The Reform of the Law of Directors' Duties in UK Company Law", PRESENTATION FOR UNIVERSITÀ BOCCONI ON THE REFORM OF THE LAW OF DIRECTORS’ DUTIES IN UK COMPANY LAW, 1-57.
23. DEMETRA, ARSALIDOU (2003). "Objectivity vs flexibility in civil law jurisdictions and the possible introduction of the business judgment rule in English law". The Company Lawyer, 24 (8), 228-233.
24. Dvorsky, Ján & Gavurová, Beáta & Cepel, Martin & Cervinka, Michal (2020). "Impact of selected economic factors on the business environment: The case of selected east european countries", POLISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 22(2), 96-110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348298110_Impact_of_selected_economic_factors_on_the_business_environment_The_case_of_selected_east_european_countries
25. Gramitto Ricci, Sergio Alberto & Miyairi, Jake (2016). "The Abstract Void in Practice: Has the Statutory Business Judgment Rule Changed the ‘Acoustic Separation’ Between Conduct and Decision Rules for Directors’ Duty of Care?", Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 17-18, 1-21. https://irlaw.umkc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1767&context=faculty_works
26. Gurrea-Martínez, Aurelio (2018). "Re-examining the law and economics of the business judgment rule: notes for its implementation in nonUS jurisdictions", Harvard Law School, Program on International Financial Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA, Journal of Corporate Law Studies. 18, (2), 417-438 https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4927&context=sol_research
27. Hargovan, Anil & du Plessis, Jean (2014). "Re-assessment of the Statutory Business Judgment Rule in Australia - The Case for Law Reform", CORPORATE LAW TEACHERS ASSOCIATION - BRIEFING PARLIAMENTARY JOINT COMMITTEE ON CORPORATIONS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES, Oversight of ASIC, the Takeove), 1-11. .https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348298110_Impact_of_selected_economic_factors_on_the_business_environment_The_case_of_selected_east_european_countries.
28. I. Steinberg, Marc (1983). "The American Law Institute's Draft Restatement on Corporate Governance: The Business Judgment Rule, Related Principles, and Some General Observations", UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI LAW REVIEW, 37(2). 295-317. https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2279&context=umlr
29. J. Rhee, Robert (2013). "The Tort Foundation of Duty of Care and Business Judgment", notre dame law review,88(3). 1139-1198. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=ndlr
30. Kamar, Ehud & Karaca-Mandic, Pinar & L. Talley, Eric (2007). "Sarbanes-Oxle Sarbanes-Oxley's Effects on Small Firms: What is the E ects on Small Firms: What is the Evidence?", USC CLEO RESEARCH PAPER NO. C07-9; USC LAW LEGAL STUDIES PAPER NO. 07-8; HARVARD LAW & ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 588. 1-36. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2479&context=faculty_scholarship
31. Keay, Andrew & Loughrey, Joan & McNulty, Terry & Okanigbuan, Francis (2019). "Business Judgment and Director Accountability: A Study of Case-law Over Time+", Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 20(2):1-29 https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3065875/1/Case-Law%20Over%20time%20JCLS%20Sub%20anon%20submission%20%28graphs%20as%20jpegs%29Final%20%28002%29.pdf
32. Knowles, Marjorie Fine & Flannery, Colin (1995). "The ALI Principles of Corporate Governance Compared with Georgia Law", Mercer Law Review: 47(1), 1-39. https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=jour_mlr
33. LASTER, J. TRAVIS (2008). "GOODBYE TO THE CONTEMPORANEOUS OWNERSHIP REQUIREMENT", DELAWARE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE LAW, 33(3), 673-694. https://www.djcl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Goodbye-to-the-Contemporaneous-Ownership-Requirement.pdf
34. M. Bainbridge, Stephen (2004). "The Business Judgment Rule as Abstention Doctrine", VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW, 57(1).83-130. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=vlr
35. M. Branson, Douglas (1986). "The American Law Institute Principles Of Corporate Governance And The Derivative Action: A View From The Other Side", WASHINGTON AND LEE LAW REVIEW, 43(2), 399-428. https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2857&context=wlulr
36. M. Branson, Douglas (2002). "The Rule that Isn't a Rule - the Business Judgment Rule", VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, Vol. 36. 631-654. https://scholarship.law.pitt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1232&context=fac_articles
37. M. Branson, Douglas (2011)." A Business Judgment Rule Incorporating jurisdictions in Asia", Singapore Academy of law Journal, 23 SACLJ, 687-713.https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal-Special-Issue/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/513/ArticleId/344/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF
38. McMillan, Lori (2013). "The Business Judgment Rule as an Immunity Doctrine, WILLIAM & MARY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW, 4(2). 521-574. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=wmblr
39. Riley, Christopher A (1999)."The Company Director's Duty of Care and Skill: The Case for an Onerous but Subjective Standard’", Modern Law Review, 62.1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=214149
40. S.SHARFMAN, BERNARD (2017)."THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE", JOURNAL OF LAW & BUSINESS, 14(1), 27-69.
41. Thai, Lang (2013). "Calling for reform to the statutory derivative action in Australia: Critical analysis and suggestions for reform", Insolvency Law Journal, 21(4), 242-262. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2982908.
C)Theses
42. Al Ahmary, Hussam (2018). Does Saudi Corporate Governance attain International Standards using the UK Best Practice as an Exemplar, A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law, University of London. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/23224/1/Al%20Ahmary,%20Hussam_Redacted.pdf
43. MAHARAJ, NITHEN (2015). A discussion on the duty of care, skill and diligence to be exercised by a director in light of the Companies Act 71 of 2008, as well as the common law and an overview of the business judgement rule: A company law perspective, Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Laws, coursework masters. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/daf84de4-53b0-443c-8111-d208e5cfedb8/content
44. Murisa Mupangavanhu, Brighton (2016). DIRECTORS’ STANDARDS OF CARE, SKILL, DILIGENCE, AND THE BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE IN VIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA’S COMPANIES ACT 71 OF 2008: FUTURE IMPLICATIONS FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY: COMMERCIAL LAW In the Faculty of Law, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN, https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/44105ff7-4454-4789-9b06-5059f2ef9347/content
D)Websites
45. Allens (3 December 2020). Australian Institute of Company Directors Advice regarding the business judgment rule. Last seen at 2024/07/11. https://www.aicd.com.au/content/dam/aicd/pdf/news-media/research/2021/advice-regarding-business-judgment-rule.pdf
46. Badawi, Adam B. (May 31, 2023), The Business Judgment Rule, Last seen at 2024/03/07. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4465571
47. Economic Policy Reform and Australia’s Recent Economic Performance, from Budget Paper No.1: Budget Strategy and Outlook 1999-2000. LAST SEEN AT 2024/07/11. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/round3-3.pdf
48. mia, md. Suhel (2015). Critically examine the seven general duties of the directors under Company Act 2006, (November 10, 2014). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2602321 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2602321. LAST SEEN AT 2024/07/11.
49. Economic Policy Reform and Australia’s Recent Economic Performance, from Budget Paper No.1: Budget Strategy and Outlook 1999-2000. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/round3-3.pdf
E)Cases
50. Aronson v Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del.1984)
51. Bodell v. General Gas Electric Corporation, 15 Del.Ch. 420 (1927)
52. Cede & Co. v. Technicolor,Inc, Supreme Court of Delaware 634 A.2d 345 (1994)
53. Daniels v AWA Ltd (1995) 37 NSWLR 438
54. Godbold v Branch Bank,11 Ala. 191 (1847)
55. Joy v. North, 692 F.2d 880 (2d Cir. 1982)
56. Percy v Millaudon, 8 Mart (n s) 68 (1829)
57. Smith v. Van Gorkom 488 A.2d 858 (Del. 1985)
58. Re Brazilian Rubber Plantation and Estate Ltd (1911) 1 Ch, 425
59. Re Cardiff Savings Bank, 2 Ch 100 (1892)
60. Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co, Ch 407 at 429 is a UK company law (1925)
61. Zapata Corp v. Maldonado 430 A 2d 779 (Del. 1981)
F)ACTS
62. Corporations Act 2001)Australia)
63. American Law Institute(ALI),1923(United States)
64. Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002(United States)
65. Insolvency Act 1986(UNITED KINGDOM)
66. Companies act 2006(UNITED KINGDOM)
67. Companies act 1985(UNITED KINGDOM)
persian translate to english
1. Skini, Rabia (2012). Commercial law of commercial companies, Tehran, Samit Publications, Volume II, 16th edition.
2. Sotoudeh Tehrani, Hassan (2016). Business Law, Tehran, Judges Publications, second volume.
b) Articles
3. Bariklo, Alireza; Sardoueinasa, Mohammad; Mirjalili, Mehdi (1400). " The Study of the Business Judgment Rule in Americans Corporate Law and its Comparison with Iranian 's Law ", The Journal of Comparative law, 8(1), 87-110
4. pasban, Mohammad Reza; Farhani, Rasool (1401). " A Comparative Study of Independent Directors in American and Iranian Corporate Law". Commercial Research Quarterly, (102), 205-226
5. Javid, Masoumeh; Ashuri, Mehdi; Kaviar, Hossein (1400). " Restrictions and Conditions of Minority Derivative Litigation in British and RomanGerman Law: Proposed law, procedure and amendments", Comparative Law Biquarterly, 5(2), 91-110.
6. Hosseini, Peiman (2015). " The notion of de facto director and comparison of his liability with a de jure director in the commercial companies (a comparative study of Iran and French law)", Comparative Law Biquarterly, 2(1), 139-160.
7. Soltani, Mohammad; Gholami, Vahidah (2017). " Directors ‘Liability in Light of Business Judgment Rule, with emphasis on Delaware’s Laws.", Legal Studies, 10(3), 131-157.
8. Tahmasebi, Ali (1401). " Comparative Study of Multiple Derivative Claim in Iranian and English Law", Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 26(4), 87-109.
9. qholinia, Reza; Shahsundi, Ismail; Bazar Mehr, Amir Abbas; Mashhadizadeh, Alireza (1402). "Independence of managers of commercial companies from perception to reality (a comparative study in the legal system of the United States of America, England and Iran"), Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 27(4), 61-97.
10. Mousavi Mojab, Seyed Dorid; Shirazi Fardowii, Zahra (1402). "The position of the principle of good faith in the criminal proceedings", Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 27(2), 77-100.
11. Nasari, Elnaz (1402). "Social responsibility of transnational companies in the framework of human rights from discretion to obligation", Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 27(2), 40-69.
12. Hashemian, Fakhralsadat; Abbaspour, Abbas; Rahimian, Hamid; Delaware, Ali; Ghayashi, Saeed (2016). "Identification of effective factors on improving the competence of managers", Development Management Process, 30(3), 161-184.
c) Laws
13. Trade Law approved in 1311
14. The legal bill to amend a part of the Trade Law approved in 1347
15. Civil law
