چالش‌های ناشی از مالکیت اثر مشترک در نرم‌افزار و شیوه‌های قراردادی پیشگیری از آن‌ها
نویسنده
دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
چکیده
اثر مشترک مفهومی است که عموماً در قلمرو آثار خلاقانه مطرح و به وضعیتی اطلاق می‌شود که دو یا چند نفر با مهارت‌ها، ایده‌ها و دیدگاه‌های منحصربه‌فرد در خلق یک نرم افزار مشارکت میکنند. امروزه تأکید بر آن است که خلق نرم افزار متکی به کار گروهی باشد، اما چهارچوب حقوقی مشخصی جهت بهره برداری از این نوع کار گروهی به نحو مطلوب پیش بینی نشده و در تعریف و پیامدهای این نوع آثار نیز ابهام و اشکالات قانونی زیادی در قوانین ملی وجود دارد. چنانچه مشارکت در خلق اثر جنبه بین المللی داشته باشد، مثلاً چند برنامه نویس از چند کشور بخواهند نرم افزار مشترکی را خلق نمایند، این چالش ها میتوانند تشدید و ادامه کار را به دلیل بروز اختلافات با وقفه جدی مواجه گردانند. نگاهی گذرا به مقررات کپی رایت در نرم افزار در نظام‌های حقوقی مختلف حاکی از آن است که پرسش های اساسی در خصوص موضوعات آفرینشهای فکری مشترک در مورد نرم افزار وجود داشته و پاسخ های مختلف به هر یک، در حقیقت نشان دهنده رویکردهای مختلف نسبت به مسائل مهم آن بوده است. بنابراین، اعمال قوانین ملی در خصوص مورد ممکن است نتواند انتظارات طرفین، یعنی برنامه نویسان، را برآورده نماید. چنانچه حل چنین مشکلاتی از قبل بین طرفین طی قراردادی پیش بینی نشود، ممکن است در همکاری دوستانه که برای یک شراکت موفق بسیار مهم است، مشکلات جدی ایجاد نماید. لذا برای رفع هرگونه چالش و اختلافات بالقوه در مورد مالکیت کد رایانه ای و پیچیدگی های ناشی از پیامدهای حقوقی اثر مشترک، انعقاد قرارداد مشارکت در نرم افزار امری ضروری خواهد بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
A) Books
1. Barrett, Margreth (2012), Emanuel Law Outlines for Intellectual Property, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
2. Bradley Limpert, (2005), Technology Contracting: Law, Precedents and Commentary, Toronto: Carswell.
3. Kamina, Pascal, (2016), Film Copyright in the European :union:, Cambridge University Press.
4. NIMMER, Melville B. & D. NIMMER, (1978), NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT, Volume 1, LexisNexis.
5. Goldstein, Paul; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2012), International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice, Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
6. PATRY, W., LATMAN'S THE COPYRIGHT LAW (1986), 6th ed., Published: Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs
B) Articles
7. Angelopoulos, Christina, (2012), "The Myth of European Term Harmonisation: 27 Public Domains for the 27 Member States", International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Vol. 43, No.5, p. 567-594 , Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2012-82, Institute for Information Law Research Paper No. 2012-48.
8. Bruguiere, Jean-Michel (2017), "The collective work in the American copyright and the question of its revision by the right holder", L'ACTUALITÉ DDG.
9. Bulayenko, Oleksandr and Quintais, João Pedro and Gervais, Daniel J. and Poort, Joost, (2022), "AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework". SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4072806 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4072806
10. Byrd, Peter, (2021) "The Tricky Issue of Joint Authorship in Copyright Works".
https://www.charlesrussellspeechlys.com/en/insights/expert-insights/intellectual-property/2021/the-tricky-issue-of-joint-authorship-in-copyright-works/
11. Chestek, Pamela, S, A., (2017), "Theory of Joint Authorship for Free and Open Source Software Projects", SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2999185 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2999185
12. Copyright Guide: "Computer programs, games and databases", 2022.
https://libguides.aalto.fi/copyright/about/computer_databases
13. Devhaus, "Intellectual Property Rights - Who owns the software?" 2025.
https://devhaus.ie/guides/intellectual-property-rights-who-owns-the-software
14. EU Monitor, Directive 2009/24 – "Legal protection of computer programs" (Codified version) - Main contents.
https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j4nvk6yhcbpeywk_j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vj3ecgdj6eyd
15. Etienne Wery (2017), "Legal protection of a computer program".
https://www.droit-technologie.org/contentieux/it-ip-litigation-in-europe-legal-protection-of-a-computer-program/
16. FasterCapital (2024), "Joint authorship: What is joint authorship and how does it affect your rights and responsibilities".
https://fastercapital.com/content/Joint-authorship--What-is-joint-authorship-and-how-does-it-affect-your-rights-and-responsibilities.html
17. Farkas, Brian & Benjamin N. Cardozo (2023), "Joint Copyright Ownership versus Collective Work: Understanding the Difference".
https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/joint-copyright-ownership-versus-collective-work-understanding-the-difference.html#:~:text=As%20you've%20likely%20noticed,of%20the%20larger%20collective%20pie.
18. Fritz, Johannes (2024), "The notion of ‘authorship’ under EU law—who can be an author and what makes one an author? An analysis of the legislative framework and case law", Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice.
19. Harris, Matthew R. (1990), "Copyright, Computer Software, and Work Made for Hire", 89 MICH. L. REV. 661.
20. Johnson, E. Scott (2010), "Avoiding Joint Pain: Treatment of Joint Works of Authorship Conditions".
https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avoiding-joint-pain-treatment-of-joint-works-of-authorship-conditions
21. Lattacher, Martina (2 0 2 1) "Authorship matters! Authorship in the EU with a focus on film", Stockholm Intellectual Property Law Review, Volume 4, Issue 2, 54.
22. Lauren McFarlane (2024), "Copyright in Computer Programs / Software - Key Legal Considerations".
https://www.bto.co.uk/blog/copyright-in-computer-programs-software-key-legal-considerations.aspx.html
23. McChrystal, Stanley A. (2024), "Joint authorship: What is joint authorship and how does it affect your rights and responsibilities".
https://fastercapital.com/content/Joint-authorship--What-is-joint-authorship-and-how-does-it-affect-your-rights-and-responsibilities.html
24. McFarlane (2024), "Lauren, Copyright in Computer Programs / Software - Key Legal Considerations".
https://www.bto.co.uk/blog/copyright-in-computer-programs-software-key-legal-considerations.aspx.html
25. Harris, Matthew R. (1990), "Copyright, Computer Software, and Work Made for Hire", Volume 89 MICH. L. REV. 661.
26. Stobbe, Richard (2016),"What Qualifies as Joint Authorship of Software"? Canadian Intellectual Property Review, Volume 32, pp. 41-42.
27. Wong, Belle (2023), "Understanding joint work and copyright".
https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/the-basics-understanding-joint-work-and-copyright
28. Zuykov, Sergey (2020), "What rights does the author of a computer program and database have?".
https://zuykov.com/en/about/articles/what-rights-does-author-computer-program-and-datab/
29. U.S. Copyright Office (2021), Copyright Basics, Washington.
https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf
C) Cases:
30. Cescinsky v George Routledge & Sons, Limited, [1916] 2 KB 325.
31. Dolmage v Erskine (2003), CPR (4th) 495 (Ont Sup Ct J).
32. Donna v. Dodd, Mead & Co., 374 F. Supp. 429, 430-31 (S.D.N.Y. 1974).
33. Edward B. Marks Music Corp. v. Jerry Vogel Music Co., 140 F.2d 266 (2d Cir. 1944).
34. Julia Kogan v Nicholas Martin & other [2019] EWCA Civ 1645.
35. Kantel v Grant, [1933] Ex CR 84.
36. Oddo v. Ries, 743 F.2d 630, 633 (9th Cir. 1984).
37. Pye v. Mitchell, 574 F.2d 476, 480 (9th Cir. 1978); Meltzer v. Zoller, 520 F. Supp. 847, 857 n.23 (D.N.J. 1981).
38. Richmond v. Weiner, 353, F.2d 41, 46 (9th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 348 U.S. 928, reh’g denied, 384 U.S. 994 (1966).
39. Royal Doulton Tableware Ltd v Cassidy’s Ltd (1984), 1 CPR (3d) 214 at 230 (FCTD).
D) European :union: Directive and Encyclopedia Britannica
40. Britannica, Jonathan Sterne, plug-in software.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/software
41. Britannica, Erik Gregersen, Driver.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/driver-computer-program
42. DIRECTIVE 2009/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs (Codified version)
1. Barrett, Margreth (2012), Emanuel Law Outlines for Intellectual Property, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
2. Bradley Limpert, (2005), Technology Contracting: Law, Precedents and Commentary, Toronto: Carswell.
3. Kamina, Pascal, (2016), Film Copyright in the European :union:, Cambridge University Press.
4. NIMMER, Melville B. & D. NIMMER, (1978), NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT, Volume 1, LexisNexis.
5. Goldstein, Paul; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2012), International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice, Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
6. PATRY, W., LATMAN'S THE COPYRIGHT LAW (1986), 6th ed., Published: Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs
B) Articles
7. Angelopoulos, Christina, (2012), "The Myth of European Term Harmonisation: 27 Public Domains for the 27 Member States", International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Vol. 43, No.5, p. 567-594 , Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2012-82, Institute for Information Law Research Paper No. 2012-48.
8. Bruguiere, Jean-Michel (2017), "The collective work in the American copyright and the question of its revision by the right holder", L'ACTUALITÉ DDG.
9. Bulayenko, Oleksandr and Quintais, João Pedro and Gervais, Daniel J. and Poort, Joost, (2022), "AI Music Outputs: Challenges to the Copyright Legal Framework". SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4072806 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4072806
10. Byrd, Peter, (2021) "The Tricky Issue of Joint Authorship in Copyright Works".
https://www.charlesrussellspeechlys.com/en/insights/expert-insights/intellectual-property/2021/the-tricky-issue-of-joint-authorship-in-copyright-works/
11. Chestek, Pamela, S, A., (2017), "Theory of Joint Authorship for Free and Open Source Software Projects", SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2999185 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2999185
12. Copyright Guide: "Computer programs, games and databases", 2022.
https://libguides.aalto.fi/copyright/about/computer_databases
13. Devhaus, "Intellectual Property Rights - Who owns the software?" 2025.
https://devhaus.ie/guides/intellectual-property-rights-who-owns-the-software
14. EU Monitor, Directive 2009/24 – "Legal protection of computer programs" (Codified version) - Main contents.
https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j4nvk6yhcbpeywk_j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vj3ecgdj6eyd
15. Etienne Wery (2017), "Legal protection of a computer program".
https://www.droit-technologie.org/contentieux/it-ip-litigation-in-europe-legal-protection-of-a-computer-program/
16. FasterCapital (2024), "Joint authorship: What is joint authorship and how does it affect your rights and responsibilities".
https://fastercapital.com/content/Joint-authorship--What-is-joint-authorship-and-how-does-it-affect-your-rights-and-responsibilities.html
17. Farkas, Brian & Benjamin N. Cardozo (2023), "Joint Copyright Ownership versus Collective Work: Understanding the Difference".
https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/joint-copyright-ownership-versus-collective-work-understanding-the-difference.html#:~:text=As%20you've%20likely%20noticed,of%20the%20larger%20collective%20pie.
18. Fritz, Johannes (2024), "The notion of ‘authorship’ under EU law—who can be an author and what makes one an author? An analysis of the legislative framework and case law", Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice.
19. Harris, Matthew R. (1990), "Copyright, Computer Software, and Work Made for Hire", 89 MICH. L. REV. 661.
20. Johnson, E. Scott (2010), "Avoiding Joint Pain: Treatment of Joint Works of Authorship Conditions".
https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avoiding-joint-pain-treatment-of-joint-works-of-authorship-conditions
21. Lattacher, Martina (2 0 2 1) "Authorship matters! Authorship in the EU with a focus on film", Stockholm Intellectual Property Law Review, Volume 4, Issue 2, 54.
22. Lauren McFarlane (2024), "Copyright in Computer Programs / Software - Key Legal Considerations".
https://www.bto.co.uk/blog/copyright-in-computer-programs-software-key-legal-considerations.aspx.html
23. McChrystal, Stanley A. (2024), "Joint authorship: What is joint authorship and how does it affect your rights and responsibilities".
https://fastercapital.com/content/Joint-authorship--What-is-joint-authorship-and-how-does-it-affect-your-rights-and-responsibilities.html
24. McFarlane (2024), "Lauren, Copyright in Computer Programs / Software - Key Legal Considerations".
https://www.bto.co.uk/blog/copyright-in-computer-programs-software-key-legal-considerations.aspx.html
25. Harris, Matthew R. (1990), "Copyright, Computer Software, and Work Made for Hire", Volume 89 MICH. L. REV. 661.
26. Stobbe, Richard (2016),"What Qualifies as Joint Authorship of Software"? Canadian Intellectual Property Review, Volume 32, pp. 41-42.
27. Wong, Belle (2023), "Understanding joint work and copyright".
https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/the-basics-understanding-joint-work-and-copyright
28. Zuykov, Sergey (2020), "What rights does the author of a computer program and database have?".
https://zuykov.com/en/about/articles/what-rights-does-author-computer-program-and-datab/
29. U.S. Copyright Office (2021), Copyright Basics, Washington.
https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf
C) Cases:
30. Cescinsky v George Routledge & Sons, Limited, [1916] 2 KB 325.
31. Dolmage v Erskine (2003), CPR (4th) 495 (Ont Sup Ct J).
32. Donna v. Dodd, Mead & Co., 374 F. Supp. 429, 430-31 (S.D.N.Y. 1974).
33. Edward B. Marks Music Corp. v. Jerry Vogel Music Co., 140 F.2d 266 (2d Cir. 1944).
34. Julia Kogan v Nicholas Martin & other [2019] EWCA Civ 1645.
35. Kantel v Grant, [1933] Ex CR 84.
36. Oddo v. Ries, 743 F.2d 630, 633 (9th Cir. 1984).
37. Pye v. Mitchell, 574 F.2d 476, 480 (9th Cir. 1978); Meltzer v. Zoller, 520 F. Supp. 847, 857 n.23 (D.N.J. 1981).
38. Richmond v. Weiner, 353, F.2d 41, 46 (9th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 348 U.S. 928, reh’g denied, 384 U.S. 994 (1966).
39. Royal Doulton Tableware Ltd v Cassidy’s Ltd (1984), 1 CPR (3d) 214 at 230 (FCTD).
D) European :union: Directive and Encyclopedia Britannica
40. Britannica, Jonathan Sterne, plug-in software.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/software
41. Britannica, Erik Gregersen, Driver.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/driver-computer-program
42. DIRECTIVE 2009/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs (Codified version)
